大气次声源定位算法及误差分析

逐步多通道相关方法是定位次声源的主要方法。该方法会忽略阵元的海拔高度差,从而引入误差。文章分析了基于广义互相关的时间延迟估计算法,讨论了基于时延的平面波入射角定位方法。着重研究了逐步多通道相关方法的误差来源,确定了基于时延的定位方法是产生误差的主要原因,明确了大气次声源定位误差来源于忽略了阵元间的海拔高度差。基于最小二乘法推导了在不考虑阵元高度的情况下计算次声波入射角的方法。对存在高度差的4元中心三角阵型进行了误差仿真实验,在忽略阵元海拔高度差的条件下,各方向入射的次声波角度定位误差最大达到4°,特定阵型的阵元最大海拔高度差与入射角度计算误差成线性关系,并探讨了入射角度计算误差对主要参数和后续定位的影响。     

阵列形式及阵元失效对统计最优近场声全息重建结果的影响分析

为探究阵列形式以及阵元失效两种阵列因素对声场重建结果的影响,基于统计最优近场声全息(Statistically Optimal Near-field Acoustical Holography,SONAH)理论,仿真计算了网格阵列、圆形阵列、均布非规则阵列的声场重建结果。得出:网格阵列和均布非规则阵列都能准确识别声源位置,圆形阵列不能用于SONAH声场重建;模拟研究了典型失效模式下阵元失效产生的影响,结果表明:阵元失效后在失效点处会出现伪声源,其大小与失效点和声源距离有关。由此给出并分析了阵元失效的补偿方法,基于该方法对典型失效模式进行了算例仿真并分析计算了重建误差限,结果显示:采用该方法能消除伪声源,较好地识别声源位置。从而验证了该方法的有效性,为实际工程测量提供了指导与借鉴。     

平面波在随机介质中任意点之间的场相关函数

场的相干函数,就是在没有受扰动的波阵面上各点之间场的相关,当前向散射占优势时,已就平面波和柱面波的情况作了计算,本文计算空间任意位置上,各点之间场的相关函数。假设单频平面波传播于折射率为均匀、各向同性高斯场的介质中。使用坦坦尔斯基方法,求得了在远程传播条件下场相关函数的方程式。     

基于时延冗余测量的阵形校准

海底柔性水平阵的阵形校准,可以利用两个校准声源测量阵元间的声传播时延差来求解得到。传统算法只利用了相邻阵元信号测量的时延差,但误差会随噪声增大而出现累积。在信噪比降低时,所提方法通过冗余时延测量有效地减少了误差累积,从而提高了阵形校准的精度与稳定性。数值仿真与实验结果都验证了该方法的有效性。     

柱面面形干涉测量

介绍了一种柱面面形干涉测量方法。该方法选用计算全息片作为柱面波转换器,能够将平面干涉仪出射的平面波转换成理想柱面波前,依此为基础,建立了柱面干涉测量系统,能够实现柱面的干涉测量。为了获得柱面的真实面形误差,分析了调整误差引起的失调像差,并给出了失调像差的分离方法。最后,以玻璃圆柱体为被测样本,对单孔径面形的重复性进行验证,20次测量结果峰谷值（PV）标准差为20.2 nm,为PV平均值的0.55％。     

基于阻抗反演技术的现场吸声测量研究

吸声系数是针对平面波入射条件下定义的声学参量.在实际(或现场)测量时,往往不满足平面波入射条件.已有的三维空间吸声测量大都基于球面波入射条件,然后加以几何修正.由于与阻抗管测量时的平面波条件不同,所以两者的结果有一定差距.利用逆滤波器原理,对扬声器频响在高低频进行了相应的补偿,消除了环境噪声的影响,在三维空间产生了光滑的butterworth宽频声脉冲.另外,由于声源辐射面积相比测试样品尺寸小很多,可将脉冲声源近似为点声源.将butterworth声脉冲入射毛毡样本,利用在时域上能够分离的入射脉冲和反射脉冲,首先计算了球面波反射系数,然后采用牛顿下山法反演得到样本的平面波阻抗比,并进一步计算了吸声系数.结果表明:较之直接利用球面波几何修正的吸声系数,反演后的吸声系数与声管测量结果更为接近.本方法采用单传声器法(两次测量),测量过程简单,为现场吸声测试提供了一种新的技术途径.     

被动测距误差分析

本文是潜用被动测距技术研究工作的一部分。被动测距主要困难在于两基阵间的距离远小于目标距离,因此测量系统要求具有很高的精度。文中分析了诸因素对测距误差的影响,其中水听器基阵几何中心位置误差和传播起伏误差是影响测距精度的主要因素。最后指出了改进途径。     

接收声基阵相位一致性校准研究

现代声纳系统中普遍采用由多个阵元组成的基阵接收信号并进行处理.在基阵的实际应用中,阵元的相位一致性是一项重要技术参数,研究基阵的相位校准方法用于相位补偿有重要的理论意义.文中主要研究了一种基于非线性最小二乘估计的相位一致性校准方法,此校准方法无需知道确切的声源位置,可在不满足远场条件的实验环境中进行,且适用于任意需要测量阵元间相位一致性的面阵或线阵.通过MATLAB对一均匀线阵进行了仿真,验证了此算法估计相位一致性和声源位置的有效性,最后应用此校准方法在水池中对一均匀线阵进行了验证性的实验,再次验证它的有效性与可行性.     

关于参量阵声源阵长的讨论

针对目前常用的有效阵长来估算参量阵阵长所得的结果与实际测量得到结果有较大误差的情况,提出了通过KZK(Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov)方程的数值计算来得到差频声场的声源级,再由声源级来判断参量阵的形成情况,从而计算得到阵长。针对扩散限制阵的情况进行了仿真,并对计算得到的阵长通过水池实验测量结果验证了数值计算方法的正确性。分析了有效阵长计算结果与实验测量结果间误差太大,但是KZK方程数值计算的结果与测量结果一致的原因。最后对同一换能器在不同发射电压下的参量阵阵长的变化做了对比分析。     

声压基阵误差单辅助矢量水听器快速校准方法

针对方位依赖的声压基阵误差校正困难问题,提出了声压基阵误差单辅助矢量水听器快速校准方法。利用精确校正的单只矢量水听器,就可以对声源方位及方位依赖的声压基阵幅度相位误差,进行无模糊的联合估计。由于阵元位置误差、互耦及通道的幅度相位误差均可以等效为方位依赖的基阵幅度相位误差,所以可以对多种同时存在的基阵误差进行校正。该方法适用于任意的阵列结构,不存在参数联合估计的局部收敛问题,只需参数的一维搜索,运算量小可实时在线完成。通过计算机仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from