多效竖管降膜蒸发太阳能海水淡化装置性能研究

设计一种由平板太阳集热器和海水淡化单元组成的多效同轴竖管降膜蒸发式太阳能海水淡化装置。研究装置的能量流动情况,并在实际天气条件下对装置进行性能测试,给出该装置的产水量和运行温度随运行时间、辐照度的变化曲线。结果表明,装置在实际天气条件下,日产水量最高达到9.92 kg,最大产水速率为2.0 kg/h,是一种理想的太阳能海水淡化器。     

不同特征尺寸管式降膜太阳能海水蒸馏器热性能分析

为提高小型太阳能海水蒸馏器热能利用效率和产水速率,设计一种管式降膜太阳能海水蒸馏器,基于小高径比环形封闭空间水蒸气传热传质特性,分析特征尺寸和运行温度对装置单位冷凝面积产水速率的影响机理,研究不同特征尺寸管式降膜太阳能海水蒸馏器蒸发冷凝温差、竖直方向冷凝温度梯度等变化规律。结果表明,运行温度为85℃时,特征尺寸为0.015 m的管式降膜太阳能海水蒸馏器单位冷凝面积产水速率为0.696 kg/(h·m~2),比特征尺寸为0.035 m的蒸馏器增加10.48%,冷凝温度T_4为81.94℃,比特征尺寸为0.035 m的蒸馏器高3.83℃,在测试范围内蒸发冷凝温差最小为1.9℃,该研究可为强化管式太阳能海水淡化装置热质传递过程提供技术参考。     

潮汐能太阳能多效蒸馏海水淡化装置的研究

根据潮汐能和太阳能的特点,并基于多效蒸馏技术,提出了一种新型的太阳能多效蒸馏海水淡化装置,该装置利用了降膜蒸发和降膜凝结强化传热技术.其主要特点是利用潮汐能代替用电力驱动的水泵和真空泵为系统给排水以及抽真空提供动力,从而降低了系统运行成本.对装置的运行原理进行了介绍,并对该装置利用潮汐能进行给水和排水以及抽真空过程的运行机理进行了理论分析.     

四效管式降膜蒸发太阳能海水淡化装置性能研究

增加太阳能海水淡化装置的运行效数可显著地提升其热能利用效率和总产水量。为此,该文设计四效竖管式降膜蒸发太阳能海水淡化装置,对比研究运行效数对装置内环形封闭小空间中水蒸气热质传递的影响,理论分析装置内气体介质传热传质特性,采用试验测试数据对理论计算结果进行验证,同时还对不同运行温度条件下,装置各效产水速率、蒸发冷凝温度、竖直方向温度梯度以及排浓海水温度等参数进行测试分析。结果表明,四效海水淡化装置理论产水速率与试验产水速率变化趋势一致,二者最小偏差为6.08%,当运行温度为80℃时,装置总产水速率为0.95 kg/h,第1效产水速率是第4效产水速率的1.59倍,竖直方向温度差值最大为15.3℃,最高排浓海水温度为51.3℃。     

吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统中降膜吸收与再生过程研究

针对吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统设计了降膜吸收、再生实验装置,分别以溴化锂、氯化钙两种溶液为工质对装置进行了实验研究。通过改变影响工质吸收与再生性能的条件(如溶液浓度和温度等),给出了不同工况下系统的运行情况。实验结果表明,当运行压力低于20kPa、热源温度高于75℃时溶液已有较好的再生速率,而当海水蒸发温度高于45℃时,溶液也已有较好的吸收速率,完全满足太阳能集热系统供热要求。还给出了系统最佳运行参数范围。     

横管降膜蒸发内回热式太阳能海水淡化装置的实验研究

设计建造了一台利用太阳能或其它余热驱动的横管降膜蒸发内回热式海水淡化装置，并利用模拟热源对该装置进行了实验研究，由于在系统的蒸发及冷凝过程中，大部分水蒸汽的凝结潜热被重复利用于海水的预热及蒸发过程，因而系统具有较高的产水率，同时，由于在气流的闭式环过程中，蒸发腔中处于负压状态，冷凝腔中处于正压状态，强化了系统的产水性能，使系统的产水效率比传统的盘式太阳能蒸馏器提高了3倍左右，介绍了系统的瞬态特性及运行温度，供海水流率与产水量的相互关系，对影响系统产水率的其它因素进行了讨论。     

三效竖管降膜蒸发式太阳能苦咸水淡化装置性能研究

针对传统太阳能苦咸水淡化装置产水量小、能量利用效率低等缺陷,文章设计、制作了一种具有回热功能的三效竖管降膜蒸发式太阳能苦咸水淡化装置,利用该装置可以有效地回收水蒸气的冷凝潜热。文章对该装置在不同输入功率下的瞬态、稳态性能进行分析,对不同运行工况下该装置的性能系数进行计算,同时,对该装置在回热和非回热运行工况下的进水温度、蒸发冷凝温差和产水速率等进行对比研究。分析结果表明:当输入功率为335 W时,稳态运行条件下,该装置的产水速率为175 g/10 min,性能系数最大,可达到2;定温运行工况下,采用回热运行模式时,该装置的产水速率大于非回热运行模式,最大可增加40.67%。     

降膜蒸发多效回热吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统的实验研究

基于降膜蒸发与降膜凝结机理,设计建造了一台具有四效回热性能的吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统,用电加热水箱模拟太阳能集热系统,对该系统进行了模拟实验。实验中,对系统的瞬态和稳态性能进行了测试,给出了系统在不同运行温度、压力下的产水速率和性能系数。实验结果表明,由于在本系统中采用了横管、竖管降膜蒸发及降膜凝结技术,使其中大部分的蒸汽潜热及部分盐水的显热得到了多次重复利用,并由于吸收工质对最末效蒸汽进行了主动吸收,回收了蒸汽的焓,从而强化了最后一效的蒸发过程,因而系统具有较高的性能系数。在供热水温度为80℃、系统内部压力为15kPa时,四效装置的性能系数可达到3.0左右,体现出吸收式系统的良好优势。对影响产水率的其他因素也作了探索与分析,给出了合理的取值范围。     

降膜蒸发低温多效太阳能海水淡化系统实验研究

基于横管与竖管降膜蒸发与降膜凝结的强化传热传质机理,设计建造了一台具有四效回热性能的小型低温多效式太阳能海水淡化系统,用电加热水箱模拟太阳集热系统,对该系统进行了模拟实验。实验中,对系统的瞬态和稳态性能进行了测试,给出了系统在不同运行温度、压力下的产水速率和性能系数。实验结果表明,由于在本系统中采用了横管、竖管降膜蒸发及降膜凝结技术,使其中大部分的蒸汽潜热及部分盐水的显热得到了多次重复利用,提高了系统的性能系数。在供热水温度为75℃、系统内部压力为10kPa左右时,装置的性能系数可达到3.0左右。对影响产水率的其他因素也作了探索与分析,给出了合理的取值范围。     

回热对竖管式太阳能海水淡化装置性能的影响

针对管式太阳能海水淡化装置淡水产量较低的问题,提出一种新的具有回热功能的竖管式太阳能海水淡化装置,通过建立装置内部传热传质关系,得到竖管式太阳能海水淡化装置理论淡水产量预测计算方法,分别对单效和两效淡化装置在回热和非回热运行条件下,定温运行工况时的淡水产量、进料海水温度等进行试验研究。结果表明,运行温度为80℃,两效淡化装置在回热运行条件下,淡水产量比非回热运行条件时增加13.32%,单效淡化装置在回热运行条件下,淡水产量比非回热运行条件时增加32.83%,进料海水温度明显升高,装置淡水产量试验测试值与理论计算值趋势一致,吻合度较好。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.