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1.
Conclusions  
1.  Operation of the structures of the Votkinsk hydrostation occurs under condition different from those proposed in the design: there is no backwater from the reservoir of the Lower Kama hydrostation, as a consequence of transformation of the Kama channel the lower pool levels are 1 m below the design levels.
2.  As the experience of operating the Votkinsk hydrostation with considerable daily variations of the load and, accordingly, with considerable fluctuations of the lower pool level shows, the unprotected stretches in the lower pool in the zone of variable levels are subjected to erosion. They have to be protected during operation. The earlier works on revetting the eroded stretches are performed, the smaller the expenditures they require.
3.  At hydrostations operating under conditions analogous to those of the Votkinsk hydrostation it is necessary to conduct hydraulic studies in the lower pool and to measure the flow velocities for the purpose of eliminating erosion as well as for the correct selection of the variant of revetting the downstream stretches.
4.  For further safe operation of the Votkinsk hydrostation it is necessary to carry out in 1996–1998 revetting of the downstream slope of earth dam No. 1 and works on preventing scour behind the toe wall of the apron of the hydrostation in accordance with the design of Lengidroproekt.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 33–36, February, 1997.  相似文献   

2.
1.  Small hydrostations under high-mountain conditions should operate with trash racks, devices should be provided for their cleaning from trash and shuga, as well as shuga-deflectors into the diversion canal.
2.  To reduce abrasion of the turbine equipment, it is necessary to provide operation of the suspended-particle settling basins.
3.  Specifications on the assembly of bearings and movable couplings should be developed for conducting maintenance works.
4.  During restoration works the profile of the runner blades should be made strictly according to the template in conformity with the plant drawings.
5.  Extremely necessary is the equipping of hydrostation with means for monitoring the technial parameters (bearing temperature, water pressure in the passage, wobble of the shafting, etc.), observation of the changes in which will make it possible to carry out in good time preventive maintenance and to reduce the probability of occurrence of breakdown.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 43–45, March, 1990.  相似文献   

3.
1.  The development of an ATDS should be realized individually for each operating station with consideration of the design characteristics of the units and should be aimed at solving one of the most important problems of increasing the operating reliability of the main equipment and economy of operating the hydrostation.
2.  The deterministic approach to compiling technological diagnostic algorithms makes it possible to use the operating experience gained and to make the diagnosis on the basis of the actual technical state of the units of the hydrostation.
3.  The ATDSs should satisfy the requirements of prompt, integrated, automatic, and dynamic performance (possibility of the modular buildup of problems being solved as a result of developing new diagnostic means and methods).
4.  The proposed development of an ATDS at the unit level should be done with the possible prospects of inclusion in the PCS of the hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 43–48, October, 1990.  相似文献   

4.
Conclusions  
1.  The 40-year experience of operating the Volga hydrostation indicates that as experience was gained in operating the equipment and it was modernized and improved, the design hydropower indices composing the basis of the high cost effectiveness of the station gradually increased and at the current stage of operation exceeded their design values.
2.  The Volga hydrostation is successfully fulfilling the function of the central, main base of the Russian power grid.
3.  The design data of the hydropower indices were confirmed by the actual operating results, which indicates correctness of the method of calculating the main parameters of large hydropower plants.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 29–32, March, 1997.  相似文献   

5.
1.  The relative method of measuring the flow rates of water through a turbine is realized by simple means and provides a sufficient accuracy for the needs of hydrostation operation.
2.  Further works of design organizations, operating services, and manufacturing plants is necessary for increasing the reliability of the entire flow-rate measuring system.
3.  The operating staffs of hydrostations need to be materially encouraged to use the discharge efficiently for producing electricity.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 28–31, September, 1989.  相似文献   

6.
1.  The design scheme of the 500-kV OEE of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation has a number of substantial shortcomings reducing the reliability of power output. Reconstruction of the middle network of the existing 4/3 scheme to three networks with two switches per connection is the most optimal variant of reconstruction. Sectioning of the collecting bus systems is necessary for a further increase of the reliability of the scheme.
2.  In the case of repair works on equipment of small nonstandard switchgear, such as the 500-kV OEE of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation, it is necessary to use special equipment and mechanisms, the development of which must be recommended to domestic industry.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 37–39, April, 1994.  相似文献   

7.
1.  The actual state of the outlet works as a whole can be evaluated as positive.
2.  To provide complete readiness of the outlet works for service regimes and to keep them in good working order, it is necessary to seal the existing damages and subsequently to carry out annual scheduled preventive maintenance.
3.  Long service of the restored bottom revetment of the stilling basin is possible under conditions of a moderate regime of waste discharges with their uniform distribution over the basin width, shortening of their duration, and reduction of the number of outlets put into operation.
4.  The restored basin revetment is in need of careful observation of its condition and sealing.
5.  The use of outlets for reducing the rate of filling the reservoir and especially for providing navigation releases is not permissible. They should be used only if the discharge capacity of the hydrostation units is insufficient for preventing filling of the reservoir during the spring flood above the elevation of the NPL as well as for not exceeding the NPL during passage of the summer-fall freshets with the reservoir filled to the NPL.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 9–12, April, 1994.  相似文献   

8.
The experience of damming the mountain river Naryn at the site of the Tashkumyr hydrostation under conditions of a narrow rock canyon with an unusually high location of the inlet sill of the water outlet structure in the presence of considerable drops on the embankment, exceeding 10 m, permits making the following conclusions:
1.  Under the confined conditions of a complex mountain relief with a limited length of the damming stretch related to the layout of the structure hampering the organization of additional accesses to the river, the pioneer one-embankment method with dumping of the material into the water primarily from two banks is recommended as the main method for damming the channel of a mountain river. This method requires, in comparison with the two-embankment, smaller expenditures of means and times for preparation and conduction of works on damming and provides a reliable embankment even with unusually large drops.
2.  When reaching the maximum unit power of the flow in the gap it is quite effective to use an upstream hydro development (hydrostation) for reducing the discharges to minimum values. Temporary disconnection of the hydrostation for reducing the discharges being released and, as a consequence, reducing the volume of damming material and shortening the time of conducting damming works, as a rule, is always justified.
3.  Prototype investigations established that the method of laboratory investigations of damming in the presence of considerable drops on the embankment, just as for small drops, is completely reliable and allows with sufficient accuracy hydraulic substantiation and selection of a reliable and economical damming method with determination of the quantity of damming material.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 12–16, April, 1988.  相似文献   

9.
Conclusions  
1.  The hydroabrasive resistance of structural steels does not provide the necessary reliability of turbines operating on sediment-transporting rivers.
2.  Case-hardening of structural steels and resistant protective coating are used for increasing the reliability and life of parts of the flow passage.
3.  During actual service the effectiveness of casehardening decreases by half compared with laboratory tests, which is explained by the insufficient thickness of the protective layer. It is not advisable to use this type of surface protection for turbines with a high intensity of hydroabrasive action, since it is impossible to restore the protective layer under hydrostation conditions.
4.  Two types of protective coatings have the highest priority: protective electrode hard surfacing on a cobalt base, for instance, TsN-2, which while providing a high wear resistance of the surface, E greater than 3, permits making a protective layer of the required thickness 3–5 mm and repairing the flow part of the turbine directly at the hydrostation; synthetic polyurethane-based compositions making it possible to completely cover the runners with a coating thickness of 1.5–2 mm. Destroyed polyurethane coatings can be restored directly at the hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 44–47, November, 1997.  相似文献   

10.
1.  The problem of energy dissipation of the flow remains one of the most important in constructing high-head hydraulic structures with pulsating loads.
2.  During operation of the world's largest gravity-arch dam of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation, the energy of the flow being discharged is dissipated by a stilling basin. It was established that the powerful dynamic impulses created in this case originate, among others, from the baffle platform and its foundation. The latter circumstance requires the provision of reliable tightness of the joints between the blocks composing the platform and deep solid transition of the platform with its foundation.
3.  For the first time in domestic hydrotechnical practice fastening of the platform of the stilling basin by means of advance grouting and prestressed anchors installed to a depth greater than 20 m was mastered on the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskoe dam.
4.  Works on the manufacture, transport, assembly, tensioning, and testing PSAs were successfully mastered by the Krasnoyarsk enterprise of Gidrospetsstroi. A number of innovations were introduced at the know-how level.
5.  Passage of the 1992 floodwaters at the elevation of the NPL, after pumping water from the stilling basin, showed the effectiveness of the repair and restoration measures taken, which indicates the correctness of the selected designs, optimal technology, and high quality of the works of Gidrospetsstroi.
6.  An analysis of the strengthening works for high-head structures under analogous conditions permits recommending the following measures for designing and constructing a stilling basin: grouting of the foundation in the region of the stilling basin to a depth of 30–40 m;  相似文献   

11.
1.  The interaction of surface and subsurface waters increasing streamflow regulation is not taken into account in the practice of designing hydrostations.
2.  The proposed method of taking it into account, realized in the form of a program of calculations with the use of computers, makes it possible to estimate the effect of the indicated factor on any planned hydropower facility.
3.  A preliminary evaluation of taking into account the effect of the interaction of surface and subsurface waters for the example of a hydrostation with a seasonal reservoir made it possible to estimate it with respect to an increase of firm capacity within 0.4–0.9% and with respect to an increase of useful storage of the reservoir within 3–6%. This refinement should be added to the margin of safety of the power indices of the planned hydrostation.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 14–16, February, 1988.  相似文献   

12.
1.  The arch dam of the Khudoni hydrostation can be constructed by the continuous conveyor technology as enlarged blocks.
2.  The rate of concreting the dam for the proposed dimensions of the blocks and times of covering them can reach 200–250 m3/h.
3.  To attain the indicated rate of concreting, it is necessary to construct near the dam site a new concrete plant with facilities for cooling or heating the concrete mix.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 13–14, August, 1990.  相似文献   

13.
Conclusions  
1.  Construction and operation of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation has not introduced noticeable deviations into the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the region with respect to the most important indices-climate and water quality.
2.  It is necessary to continue monitoring the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems for accumulating a databank on the effect of the hydropower complex on the environment.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 19–22, September, 1998.  相似文献   

14.
1.  During the first years of operation of the turbines of the Ust'-Ilim hydrostation (1974–1979) increased cavitation erosion of the runner blades were noted. Blades with a maximum deviation of the geometry from the design had maximum erosion. Correction of the blade profile with the use of a three-dimensional template markedly reduced the intensity of cavitation erosion.
2.  Tests established that the best operating regimes of the units of the Ust'-Ilim hydrostation with respect to cavitation conditions is the load range 195–215 mW, deviations from which lead to a pronounced increase of cavitation erosion.
3.  A change in the profile of the trailing edges of the runner blades practically completely eliminated cavitation erosion on the rear surface of the blades near the trailing edges.
4.  Tests with hard-facing of the damaged blades by various electrodes showed the possibility of a substantial increase of the cavitation resistance of the hard-faced coating and accordingly an increase of the overhaul period with the use of electrodes of type TsN-22. It is required to organize immediately the production of cavitation-resistant electrodes, which are acutely needed for restoring cavitation damages of turbine runners.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 40–42, February, 1988.  相似文献   

15.
1.  The general vibration state of the control building of the hydrostation depends directly on the dynamic effect of the No. 1 unit. Vibration of the control building occurs in the zone of resonance with a frequency of 14.7 Hz, which corresponds to the blade frequency of the unit.
2.  The presence of an expansion joint between the block of the units and assembly area for all practical purposes does not prevent propagation of vibration and does not provide the principle of isolation of the block of units.
3.  One of the most effective methods of combatting resonance vibrations is to change the relationship between the natural frequency and frequency of disturbance by changing the rigidity of the structure.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 27–30, March, 1989.  相似文献   

16.
1.  The fluvial processes in the Ob River downstream of the hydro development, which markedly changed after damming the river and creation of the reservoir during the first decade of operation of the hydrostation, were expressed in the natural process of deep erosion of the channel, which had a diminishing character.
2.  Starting with the second half of the 1960s, quarrying in the Ob channel on the 30-km stretch of the lower pool adjacent to the hydrostation began to have a substantial effect on the natural process of transformation of the channel due to streamflow regulation and retention of sediments by the reservoir.
3.  During the period between 1966 and 1984 more than 40 million m3 of sand-gravel mixture was removed from the river channel and floodplain in the indicated stretch, as a result of which the decrease of levels relative to the normal, natural values at the site of the Novosibirsk gauging station was 0.9–1.0 m.
4.  A decrease of the levels downstream led to a deficit of water resources of the reservoir in dry years and, as a consequence, to worsening of the operating conditions of the majority of participants of the Novosibirsk water-management complex.
5.  After some stabilization of the position of the levels in the river in 1984–1986, the decrease, slump, of the levels in the stretch passing through the city subsequently resumed beginning in 1987–1988. The rating curve for the Novosibirsk gauging station in 1988 shifted downward from the analogous 1986 curve along the height axis by 15–20 cm.
6.  The priority task facing water users and consumers of Novosibirsk is the fastest possible realization of the recommendations of MGU, VNIIG, and ZapSibRNIGMI on partial restoration of the water levels in the stretch between the hydrostation and Novosibirsk city by constructing embankments damming nonnavigable branches and converting the Ob channel here at low-water discharges (less than 2000 cm3/sec) into a single-branch channel.
7.  For a radical solution of the problem of reliable provision of water consumers of Novosibirsk, it is necessary to reconstruct all intakes located downstream of the hydro development.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 25–28, October, 1989.  相似文献   

17.
1.  The problem of the thermics of hydrostations has recently acquired an acute character from the viewpoint of the effect of the pools of hydrostations on the microclimate of the region and it is in need of a prompt solution, since it can become an obstacle for substantiating the construction of many highly efficient hydrostations in regions with a harsh climate.
2.  Thermal forecasts should be developed at an early stage of designing a hydrostation and should be taken into account when selecting the site of structures, capacity, and operating regime of the hydrostation.
3.  A thorough survey and study of operating hydro developments are needed for developing measures to improve the ecological situation and for using the on-site data when creating standard methodological documents for designing and forecasting.
4.  A purposeful scientific and technical program should be devoted to a study of the effect of the thermies of hydrostations on the environment, which unites the efforts of many organizations of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, State Education Committee, etc., and which is presently being formed by VNIIG.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 13–15, March, 1990.  相似文献   

18.
1.  The number of hydraulic (including hydropower) structures in our country, the standard operating life of the mechanical equipment of which expired long ago, is considerably more than 100. It is necessary to immediately and seriously undertake their reconstruction and to update their mechanical equipment.
2.  Timely and thorough preparation for reconstruction of structures and replacement (wherever this is necessary) of mechanical equipment will eliminate the negative effect of the reconstruction process on the structure and its functional characteristics while performing these works.
3.  The use of a heavy-freight floating crane, despite the high cost of its rental for the time of replacing the mechanical equipment, is justified from the viewpoint of economy and quality of the works.
Send orders for performing works (turnkey) on inspection of structures, designing, reconstruction, manufacture, and replacement of mechanical equipment and its testing (after reconstruction) and adjustment works to:  相似文献   

19.
1.  When ventilating complex underground hydraulic systems during their construction it is necessary to take into account the natural draft.
2.  The method presented for calculating the natural draft pressure drop of single tunnels (formulas 1–6) reflects the specific characteristics of hydrotechnical construction in mountainous areas and for the first time takes into account the direction of movement of the ventilation flow.
3.  For the particular conditions of constructing the Rogun hydrostation the values of the lapse rates were established, which can be used in calculations to take into account the natural draft when designing the ventilation of underground workings.
4.  For calculating the natural draft pressure drop of a complex network of underground workings, an algorithm was developed which makes it possible to calculate by a standard program on a computer the air distribution in the underground complex being constructed in relation to a number of technological and natural factors.
5.  On the basis of analyzing the results of different variants of the air distribution, the selection of the types and arrangement of the ejector fans (including in the future) was optimized, making it possible to increase the quality of ventilation and safety of underground operations, as well as to obtain a substantial technical-economic effect.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 26–29, August, 1988.  相似文献   

20.
1.  The use of the scheme of a tunnel spillway with dissipation of energy inside the conduit in a shaft stilling basin under conditions of the Kambarata No. 1 hydrostation makes it possible to reduce the volume of earthworks and concrete in comparison with alternative variants and to protect the downstream stretch of the river valley from collapse of the slopes and substantial erosion of the channel.
2.  Investigations confirm the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the spillway and all its components.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 13–16, September, 1989.  相似文献   

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