一种新型油基清防蜡剂的研制与现场应用

以正庚烷、轻质油和二甲苯按质量比1∶2∶1组成复合有机溶剂,LHG-034防蜡改进剂、乙二醇单丁醚互溶剂、JFC-2渗透剂三者质量比为6∶5∶0.6,研制出了一种可现场连续添加的新型高效清防蜡剂YH-11。溶蜡速率为0.062 g/min,防蜡率为75.3%,降黏率为48.0%,有效实现了清蜡、防蜡、降黏和增产的综合应用效果。     

油基清蜡剂LN-1的室内研究

针对油井结蜡的问题,研制出一种溶蜡性能好、清蜡效率高、价格低的油基清蜡剂。对多种化学药剂进行考察,采用理化性能指标的测试方法对其进行评价和选优。测定清蜡剂的饱和溶蜡量(动态饱和溶蜡量、静态饱和溶蜡量)、溶蜡速度(动态溶蜡速度、静态溶蜡速度)和清蜡能力(即单位体积清蜡剂的饱和溶蜡量),确定了主剂、蜡晶分散剂和互溶剂的种类并优选得到最佳配方:85.3%GS+14.2%异丙醇+0.5%蜡晶分散剂UI,将该清蜡剂命名为LN-1。室温(25℃)条件,在不搅动的状态下清蜡速度能达到1.11mg/(min·mL),清蜡能力0.25g/mL。     

一种乳液型清防蜡剂的研究

乳液型清防蜡剂具有低毒、效率高、便于施工等优点得到广泛应用。从溶蜡速率、饱和溶蜡量、乳液稳定性三个方面研究药剂的效果。结果表明,当油相组成为甲苯、MSO、环己烷,水相组成为水、BCS和NaOH,油相和水相的体积比为1∶1时,配成的乳液清防蜡剂,在室温下,可稳定存在48 h以上,溶蜡速率可达到11.32 mg/(mL.m in);35℃的条件下饱和溶蜡量达到761.62 mg/mL。该乳液型清防蜡剂具有稳定性好,清防蜡效果好的特点。     

柯克亚区块油基清防蜡剂研究

乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物∶分散剂∶降凝剂按1∶1∶1.2的配比溶于有机溶剂中,制成油基清防蜡剂,考察了防蜡剂加量对防蜡率的影响,测定了清防蜡剂的溶蜡速度。结果表明,对于柯克亚有代表性的两口油井油样A和B,该防蜡剂都有较好的清防蜡效果,防蜡率可达85%以上,常温常压下,溶蜡速度为4.2 mg/(mL.min),并且随着温度的上升、含水率的下降,溶蜡速度增加。     

洗井液溶蜡性能的实验研究

在油井开采过程中,常出现油井结蜡现象,为提高洗井液的溶蜡率,对华北油田采油三厂的洗井液进行改良,利用污水与除油清洗剂、清蜡剂配置成洗井液。通过最大气泡法测试其表面张力,确定除油清洗剂浓度,通过静态溶蜡法来确定清蜡剂最佳浓度,并研究无机盐阳离子对溶蜡性能的影响。研究结果表明,除油清洗剂、清蜡剂中的表面活性剂分子可以形成胶束,包裹蜡晶,污水中的无机盐阳离子可以影响表面活性剂分子,提高洗井液的溶蜡性能。该洗井液可以有效提高石油开采过程中蜡的溶解率,增加原油的附加值,具有成本低、效率高、环保性强的特点。     

某试剂用作溶蜡溶剂的可行性研究

油井结蜡现象普遍且危害巨大,清洁、高效、经济的清防蜡剂研制是一项重要的研究内容。针对一种具有良好应用前景的新型溶蜡溶剂(代号MXT),结合其物理化学性质,设计并开展了MXT与有机溶剂的溶解实验,在此基础上,进行了MXT和二甲苯的溶蜡对比实验。结合实验现象与数据分析,为进一步探索MXT作为溶蜡溶剂的可行性和优越性提出建议。     

钢铁件高效除蜡剂的研究

除蜡是五金电镀前处理的重要工序。对除蜡剂主要成分进行了筛选,获得了适用于钢铁件抛光蜡的除蜡剂配方(质量分数):25%~30%油酸,20%~25%二乙醇胺,12%~18e02表面活性剂,3%~8%溶剂A,3%~8%渗透剂B,3%~8%其它助剂,10%~20%水。与市售除蜡剂的性能进行了比较,结果表明:自制的除蜡剂具有更好的除蜡能力。生产应用证明,该除蜡剂完全适应现代化电镀生产线需求。     

高蜡原油化学清蜡减阻剂的组成及性能

通过对多种油基清蜡剂进行溶蜡、减阻性能研究,筛选、复配较优化清蜡剂组成,分析了温度、溶剂种类等因素对溶蜡效果的影响。结果发现石蜡的溶解量与溶剂的体积相关性不大,石蜡量应控制在溶剂的饱和溶蜡量以内,此外溶蜡的时间不宜过长,理想时间选择40～100 min之间。既在10 mL溶剂中溶解0.5 g石蜡比较符合实际情况,且加热状态的温度选择在35 ℃左右较为适宜。同时发现,表面活性剂对石蜡有增溶作用,只有选择HLB值在13～16范围内的表面活性剂才能有利于提高溶剂溶蜡的速度。采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）考察了石蜡的热性能和相变性质。结果表明,温度因素的影响特别显著,且石蜡熔点越高,其相变所需要的能量也越大,当石蜡的熔点44.30 ℃时,相变能为29.28 J/g。     

一种乳液型清蜡剂在延长东部油田的应用

为了改善延长东部油田油井结蜡现象严重的问题,引用一种乳液型清蜡剂FDQL-6。室内评价实验测得FDQL-6在26℃时溶蜡速率为0.074 g·(L·min)-1,结果表明FDQL-6在低温下有良好的溶蜡效果。现场实验后测得抽油机最大载荷下降、最小载荷上升。电流减小明显,取得一定清蜡成效。     

不同加热温度和降温速率对含蜡原油析蜡点的影响

利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对原油的析蜡特性进行分析,并得到了析蜡过程的热谱图和dh/d T-T曲线。以大庆原油为研究对象,对dh/d T-T曲线进行分析,探讨了加热理温度、温降速率对析蜡点的影响。结果表明:加热温度高于溶蜡点温度时,析蜡点随温变化小;加热温度低于溶蜡点温度,析蜡点随温度的降低先增大后减小。温降速率越大,析蜡点越低。     

高孔隙率泡沫铜强化相变材料熔化特性

为了研究纯石蜡与泡沫铜/石蜡相变复合材料吸热熔化性能的不同,探究泡沫铜对石蜡熔化换热过程的影响,本文对纯石蜡和孔隙率为0.98的高孔隙率泡沫铜/石蜡复合材料的相变熔化过程进行了可视化实验研究,并数值模拟分析了纯石蜡及泡沫铜/石蜡复合材料熔化过程。结果表明：复合材料与纯石蜡的液相率变化出现交点,即临界液相率值,此时复合材料具有的液相占比与纯石蜡液相占比相同;泡沫铜的填充能明显改善纯石蜡传热系数低的问题,加快相变材料的整体熔化速率,当热通量为1200W/m2时,孔隙率为0.98的泡沫铜填充使纯石蜡完全熔化时间缩短了约12.5%,并使整体温度分布更均匀,改善热分层现象,且复合材料最大温差比纯石蜡最大温差低约27.5K。     

Increasing the firmness of wax-based oleogels using ternary mixtures of sunflower wax with beeswax:candelilla wax combinations

Oleogels were prepared with 5% wax in soybean oil using mixtures of beeswax (BW) and candelilla wax (CLW) with ratios of 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, and 60:40 BW:CLW, and the same series where 10% of the total wax was substituted with sunflower wax (SFW). The hypothesis that SFW would increase the firmness of the oleogels without affecting the melting properties was tested. Firmness of one-wax oleogels decreased from SFW > CLW > BW. Oleogels with 50:50 BW:CLW and 60:40 BLW:CLW had equal firmness to pure 5% SFW oleogels. SFW significantly increased oleogel firmness and reduced the softening that occurred between 4°C and 22°C. Increased firmness was also found with rice bran wax and behenyl-behenate (C44) addition, but not with wax esters with chain lengths ranging from 30 to 40 carbons (C30 to C40). By differential scanning calorimetry, SFW significantly decreased the melting point of oleogels with 10:90 and 30:70 BW:CLW mixtures but significantly increased the melting point of those with 50:50 and 60:40 BW:CLW mixtures. However, the solid fat content melting curves were not significantly influenced by SFW addition. These results indicate that mixed wax oleogels had greater hardness and elasticity, and that the long chain wax esters contributed by SFW helped to improve the strength of oleogels without negatively affecting their melting properties.     

DSC热分析法研究集油管线淤积物的熔蜡特性

以大庆萨北油田高浓度聚合物驱开发区块为研究对象,针对集油管线结蜡严重影响井口回压,为此研究管线淤积物的熔蜡热性。利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对该区块油田井口到计量间的集油管线的淤积物的熔蜡特性进行分析。分别对水驱管线淤积物和聚驱管线淤积物进行热分析并得到熔蜡过程的热谱图。通过分析比较水驱和聚驱管线淤积物的熔蜡点、熔蜡高峰点、熔蜡热焓等特性参数。根据热谱图得到聚驱管线淤积物的熔蜡点及熔蜡峰温比水驱管线淤积物的熔蜡点及熔蜡峰温高将近40℃,聚驱管线淤积物熔蜡热焓是水驱管线淤积物熔蜡热焓的2~3倍。说明聚驱管线淤积物较水驱管线淤积物更难熔化,所需熔化温度更高、热量更多,也为管线热力清蜡所需的熔蜡点提供理论依据。     

The overall crystallization behavior of polyethylene/wax blends as phase change materials for thermal energy storage: A mini review

This review paper deals with the overall crystallization behavior of polyethylene/wax blends as phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage with the determination of their thermal properties. The addition of molten wax to the polyethylenes decreases the crystallization and melting temperatures of the blends. However, incorporating fillers to the polyethylene/wax blends can either decrease or increase the crystallization and melting temperatures of the composites depending on the filler type. The normalized enthalpy values of linear low-density polyethylene showed no significant change when increasing the wax content. On the contrary, the normalized enthalpy values of the wax in the blends were lesser than that of pure wax and increased with increasing wax content. Since the wax in the blend had a lower crystallinity compared to pure wax, this influences its effectiveness as a PCM for thermal energy storage. The effect of different polyethylenes on the wax morphology gave rise to enhance phase separation when wax was blended to high-density polyethylene as compared to the other polyethylenes. On the contrary, the effect of various waxes on the morphology of polyethylene resulted in different morphologies due to the molecular weight of the wax used and the structure of the polyethylene chain. The addition of fillers to the polyethylene (PE)/wax samples resulted in enhanced phase separation. The overall isothermal crystallization rate and the equilibrium melting temperature of PEs in the PEs/wax blends were depressed by wax addition due to the wax dilution effect.     

复合添加剂对石蜡性能影响的研究

以聚乙烯蜡和硬脂酸为添加剂,采用水浴加热混合蜡测量滴熔点和粘度,在聚乙烯蜡质量百分含量为0％ ～ 15％、硬脂酸质量百分含量为0％ ～ 60％范围内,对石蜡的使用性能进行改性研究.实验结果表明,聚乙烯蜡和硬脂酸均对石蜡滴熔点和运动粘度有一定的影响.在聚乙烯蜡添加量为0％ ～ 15％的范围内,改性石蜡的性能得到明显改善,其中改性石蜡的滴熔点呈缓慢增高趋势,后保持稳定;当其添加量在3％～5％的范围内,改性石蜡的熔点快速升高.在聚乙烯蜡加入量为3％时加入质量分数为5％～60％硬脂酸进行对比试验.硬脂酸在添加量为5％～25％时,改性石蜡滴熔点呈下降趋势;硬脂酸添加量为25％～60％时,改性石蜡滴熔点上升,但上升效果不明显.     

高抗冲共聚聚丙烯／茂金属聚乙烯蜡的相容性和结晶行为研究

通过示差扫描量热仪（DSC）对高抗冲共聚聚丙烯（PP copolymer）／茂金属聚乙烯蜡（MPE wax）共混体系的熔点和结晶温度进行研究，发现MPE wax在熔融和结晶过程中都没有自己的特征峰出现，证明其已经在PP copolymer结晶时完全进入了晶体结构中，而在降温过程中，MPE wax不但没有降低PP copolymer的结晶温度，反而使之在较高的温度下结晶，显示出两者良好的相容性和MPE wax的成核作用。结晶动力学数据显示MPE wax的加入对体系的结晶行为有所影响，减缓了结晶过程并降低了体系的结晶活化能，而结晶动力学参数显示MPE wax的加入使共聚聚丙烯的结晶行为与降温速率的依赖性降低，并使α值趋于1，Ozawa指数趋近于Avrami指数。MPE wax对PP copolymer的力学性能影响很小，能很好保持PP copolymer的应用性能。     

Physical Properties of Beeswax,Sunflower Wax,and Candelilla Wax Mixtures and Oleogels

To be able to tailor and optimize the physical properties of oleogels for various food applications, more information is needed to understand how different gelators interact. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the interactions between binary mixtures of beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CLW), and sunflower wax (SFW) in pure form as well as in 5% wax oleogels made with soybean oil, in terms of their crystallization and melting properties, crystal morphology, solid fat content, and gel firmness. CLW:BW mixtures had eutectic melting properties, and oleogels from these mixtures with 40:60 to 90:10 CLW:BW were firmer compared to oleogels made with one wax. The main components in SFW and BW appeared to cocrystallize or crystallize at the same temperature, but nonlinear changes in melting point and solid fat content profile of oleogels prepared with the mixed waxes indicated that SFW dominated oleogel formation. In addition, oleogels prepared with mixtures of SFW and BW had lower firmness compared to oleogels prepared with one wax, indicating an incompatibility between the two waxes. The main wax components in SFW and CLW never cocrystallized, and low levels of CLW appeared to prevent SFW from forming a crystalline platelet network. This resulted in low firmness of oleogels made from mixtures of 90:10 to 60:40 SFW:CLW compared to oleogels prepared with one wax. However, the firmest oleogels of all mixtures were made from 10:90 SFW:CLW. Changes in gel firmness and melting properties with mixed wax oleogels were likely to be due to changes observed in the crystal size and morphology. In addition, the firmest gels were shown to result from mixtures that were predicted to have >40% hydrocarbon content, and a high hydrocarbon to wax ester ratio, but minor components such as free fatty acids and fatty alcohols may have also influenced firmness.     

添加剂对石蜡物理性质的影响

针对两种棕榈蜡对石蜡的熔点、低熔点、粘度、针人度的影响进行了比较,表明两种添加剂虽然同为棕榈蜡,但对石蜡的各项指标(熔点、滴熔点、粘度、针入度)的影响具有不同的效果,这是由于两种棕榈蜡产地不同导致性质不同所造成的.     

石蜡产品嗅味产生的原因及对策

随着新的全精炼石蜡国家标准的颁布实施,对生产全精炼石蜡的嗅味提出了较高要求。国内不少企业生产全精炼石蜡时,嗅味无法满足质量要求,困扰着全精炼石蜡的生产。本文对石蜡嗅味产生原因进行了分析,特别分析了减压蒸馏、溶剂精制、溶剂脱蜡、石蜡加氢等石蜡工艺生产过程对石蜡嗅味的影响,指出了调整优化方向,提出生产末端利用白土精制进一步降低石蜡嗅味的措施,达到生产全精炼石蜡的目的。     

开孔泡沫铝内石蜡融化相变过程的可视化实验研究

采用光学显微与红外热成像技术对开孔泡沫铝内石蜡的融化相变过程进行了可视化实验,更加直观地考察泡沫铝强化石蜡传热性能,并重点分析泡沫金属微观孔隙结构下石蜡融化界面演化、融化液相流体流动及温度分布特征。研究结果表明：相变材料中填充泡沫金属可有效降低导热热阻、强化相变传热;与纯石蜡系统相比,石蜡/泡沫铝复合材料系统温度分布更加均匀,具有更好的热响应性能。与纯石蜡系统存在明显的融化前沿界面相比,石蜡/泡沫铝复合系统中融化区与非融化区交错分布,融化界面相对模糊。此外,实验还观测到泡沫铝内石蜡融化液相中存在大量片絮状悬浮物现象。