光参量振荡器及其在化学中的应用

光参量振荡器(缩写OPO)是利用非线性光学效应实现波长调谐的一种激光器,主要波段在红外、调谐范围宽且能任意连续调谐,峰值功率高,波长比较稳定,平均功率低,谱线宽,成本高。OPO已用于化学、光谱学、测污等。OPO由泵浦源、振荡腔,调谐机构组成,改变参量振荡晶体的折射率来实现波长调谐。我所已实现的OPO的调谐范围0.8—1.2μm、1.8—2.5μm、能量约0.5～1mJ/脉冲,采用电光调     

W级中红外宽调谐光学参量振荡器的研究

报道了一个低阈值、宽调谐、中红外单谐振掺MgO的周期性极化LiNbO3(PPMgLN)晶体光学参量振荡器(OPO)。利用声光调Q的Nd:YVO4激光器作为泵浦源,采用外腔结构,在室温下实现了PPMgLN晶体的准相位匹配(QPM)OPO。OPO阈值仅为0.4 W(重复频率40 kHz,单脉冲能量10μJ,脉宽160 ns);在泵浦光为6.6W(重复频率40 kHz,脉冲能量165μJ,脉宽65 ns)、PPMgLN周期为30μm时,获得了1.13 W的3.61μm中红外脉冲激光输出,光-光转化效率达到17.1%,同时获得了880 mW的1.51μm信号光输出,并且通过改变晶体的周期,实现了闲频光3.13～4.19μm中红外宽带可调谐激光输出。重点讨论了闲频光的功率、调谐和脉冲特性以及功率稳定性问题。     

基于BaGa4Se7晶体的中红外辐射源稳定性实验研究

在实际应用中,光源的输出能量稳定性影响着光源在各种应用中的可靠性和性能,如激光治疗、光谱分析、光电对抗以及光成像等领域。本文首先对光学参量振荡器(OPO)系统从激光泵浦源、谐振腔结构和非线性晶体三个方面对输出能量稳定性进行分析。实验方面,使用BaGa4Se7(BGSe)晶体搭建脉冲激光泵浦的3～8μm中红外OPO辐射源,从激光泵浦源和OPO系统两部分对输出能量波动性进行了详细的测量和分析。当输入泵浦能量为30mJ,正入射输出4.5μm波长时,平均能量为2.151mJ,标准差为5649 μJ,计算RMS波动为262。根据分析得出,随着激光增益的提高和腔损耗的减小,输出脉冲的波动减小。该研究为不同应用场景下BGSe晶体的红外辐射源的工作参数的选择提供了有益的指导。     

捷变频中红外光参量振荡器实验研究

介绍一种快速调谐非共线光参量振荡器(OPO)。通过快速改变泵浦光与OPO中非线性光学晶体光轴的夹角,实现OPO的波长精确和快速调谐,光束入射时间、角度、速度和方向均由计算机控制,保证OPO的快速精确调谐。输出中红外激光波长3.1～4.2μm,最大输出能量9.8mJ。捷变频速率可达3.5×1012Hz/ms。     

2.09μm纳秒钬激光抽运的磷锗锌光参量振荡器

高脉冲能量中红外激光在远程大气探测和目标识别中有着重要的应用,为了获得高脉冲能量的中红外激光输出,选用自主生长的ZnGeP2(ZGP)晶体作为中红外参量非线性晶体,晶体采用Ⅰ型相位匹配,切割角度为55°,利用自行研制的2.09μm La3Ga5SiO14(LGS)电光调QCr,Tm,Ho…YAG激光器作为ZGP光参量振荡器(OPO)的抽运源。光参量振荡器采用对抽运光具有反射的双程抽运结构以提高转换效率,采用脉宽约35ns的2.09μm调Q钬激光直接抽运ZGP-OPO,在单谐振振荡结构下获得了脉冲能量为5.9mJ的4.8μm中红外激光输出,光-光转换效率为13.1%,斜率效率为17%;在双谐振振荡结构下获得了脉冲能量为9mJ的3.7μm和4.8μm中红外激光输出,光-光转换效率为23.9%,斜率效率为26.7%。     

可调谐中红外OPO激光器研究

研究了一种中红外可调谐OPO激光器,泵浦源为输出能量200 mJ能量的1.06μmNd∶YAG激光器,OPO采用XZ平面内二类匹配的KTP-OPO,实现了信频光1.5～2.0μm、闲频光2.3～3.6μm的波长调谐,光光转换效率10%以上。     

基于差频激光源的微量气体光声光谱检测系统

在周期极化的铌酸锂晶体中混合1．5－1．6μm可调谐半导体激光和1.064μmNd,YAG调Q脉冲激光,得到3．35－3．66μm的连续可调谐窄线宽激光脉冲,平均输出功率达0.2mW,实验装置比OPO相对简单,紧凑,无振荡阈值,根据该差频发生器的输出特性,设计了共振频率可调的光声池和光声光谱检测系统,并首次利用该系统对低浓度的CH4样品气体进行了光声谱测量,实验结果显示了系统在微量气体测量方面的优越性。     

2μmTm,Ho∶YLF激光抽运ZnGeP_2光参量振荡技术研究

ZnGeP2晶体具有宽的透明范围(0.7～12μm),较大的非线性系数(d36=75pm/V),最高损伤阈值能量密 度为10J/cm2,较高的热导率(0.18W/(m·K)),因而非常适合作为高功率中红外光参量振荡器(OPO)晶体。理 论上分析了ZnGeP2光参量振荡器相位匹配特性,实现3～5μm连续调谐范围输出的Ⅰ类相位匹配角在52.5～ 55.2°之间。实验上,以15W光纤耦合激光二极管(LD)抽运的2.05μm高重复频率声光调QTm,Ho∶YLF激光 器作为抽运源,其最大平均功率4W,脉冲宽度小于40ns,脉冲重复频率100Hz～10kHz可调。为降低准三能级 系统激光器阈值,提高激光脉冲能量抽取效率,Tm,Ho∶YLF晶体采用液氮制冷方式,工作在77K温度条件下。 非线性频率转换晶体ZnGeP2长15mm,55.7°切割,光参量振荡器谐振腔为平平腔,腔长约20mm。在3.6W的抽 运功率下,脉冲重复频率10kHz,实现了4.1μm附近中红外激光输出,参量光脉冲宽度为20ns,平均输出功率为 0.7W,光 光转换效率为20%,抽运光阈值功率为0.65W。     

4～5μm全固化可调谐激光实验研究

报道了采用KTP晶体和LiIO3晶体实现4~5μm可调谐激光输出的光参量振荡器(OPO)至差频产生器(DFG)的全固化结构和相应的实验结果。其中光参量振荡器的抽运源为倍频Nd∶YAG激光,差频产生器的抽运源分别是上述光参量振荡器激光和Nd∶YAG基频激光经KTP倍频晶体后剩余的1.064μm激光。实验中Nd∶YAG基频脉冲激光脉宽12 ns,单脉冲能量300 mJ。观察到最大倍频效率达到66.7%,KTP参量量子转换效率达到50%,差频量子转换效率为1.5%,在4.45μm得到了单脉冲100μJ的激光输出。差频光的调谐范围为4.1~4.5μm,发散角为垂直方向12 mrad,水平方向4 mrad。     

中红外高能量输出复合腔抽运光参

报道了采用复合腔技术研究Nd∶YAG
激光抽运LiNbO3 晶体光参量振荡器(OPO)的实验研究结果.得到OPO输出单脉冲平均能量56.4mJ,闲频光(3097nm)脉冲平均能量
22.8mJ, 脉宽8ns,抽运光转换成参量光输出效率46%(重频1Hz～10Hz).测得角度调谐的波长范围是:信频光1479nm～1621nm,闲频光3097nm～3793nm.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks