极化电位对超级13Cr钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了不同极化电位下超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中的力学性能、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(Iscc),研究了极化电位对其抗SCC性能的影响。结果显示:随极化电位的升高,超级13Cr钢在5%NaCl溶液中的Iscc增大,其抗SCC性能降低;当极化电位低于-150mV时,超级13Cr钢的应力腐蚀程度较轻,抗SCC性能较好;当极化电位高于-90mV时,其应力腐蚀程度严重,抗SCC性能较差。     

Cl~-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的抗拉强度、延伸率、断裂时间、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(kscc)和断口形貌,研究了Cl-浓度对其应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果显示:当NaCl溶液浓度低于15%时,超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀的程度较轻,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较好;而当NaCl溶液浓度大于25%时,其应力腐蚀的程度严重,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较差;随溶液Cl-浓度的增大,超级13Cr油管钢的力学性能降低、抗SCC性能降低、应力腐蚀开裂的倾向增大、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数kσ和kε均呈现增大的趋势,且kε比kσ增大的趋势更明显;Cl-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢塑性的影响比对其抗拉强度的影响更显著。     

H2S,CO2酸性环境中110ksi钢P110,C110套管的应力腐蚀速率

110 ksi钢级C110,P110套管在酸性油气田环境服役过程中受到应力和腐蚀的双重作用,其腐蚀速率与静态的结果不同。如何利用室内试验结果为现场选材提供依据,目前研究尚不充分。采用挂片法、高温高压恒载荷应力腐蚀试验装置和高温高压三点弯曲应力腐蚀试验装置测试了60℃,10MPa,10%（体积分数,下同）H₂S,20%CO₂酸性环境中,P110,C110套管钢分别在自由状态、拉应力以及剪应力状态下的腐蚀速率。结果表明:在酸性环境中,套管钢承受应力作用时会发生应变老化,腐蚀速率显著增大;腐蚀作用在缺口敏感和应力集中部位尤为明显,这些特殊结构部位将形成微裂纹并持续扩展,造成套管钢力学性能和使用寿命降低。本方法适合受应力和腐蚀双重作用下管材腐蚀速率的测试。     

模拟下古气藏工况下抗硫油管钢的CO_2/H_2S腐蚀行为

为了更好地理解抗硫油管钢在含硫气田中的腐蚀行为和机理,利用高温高压反应釜装置,结合SEM和XRD分析方法,对N80S和P110S抗硫油钢管在模拟下古气藏环境中CO_2,H_2S共存时的腐蚀行为进行了研究,计算了不同CO_2和H_2S分压比时的腐蚀速率,分析了腐蚀产物特征和成分,探讨了其腐蚀机理。结果表明:2种抗硫油管钢随H_2S含量的增大,腐蚀速率先增大后减小;H_2S微量时抗硫油管钢表面形成了Fe CO3和Fe S等腐蚀物,未见明显的腐蚀坑,随H_2S含量的增大,表面的腐蚀产物为铁的硫化物且存在明显的局部腐蚀。     

Fe85Ga15多晶在模拟海水中的应力腐蚀行为研究

研究了新型磁致伸缩材料Fe-Ga合金的应力腐蚀性能。采用恒载荷和慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验,结合电化学测试技术,研究了铸态Fe85Ga15多晶在模拟海水中的应力腐蚀。结果表明,开路电位下,模拟海水中薄板光滑试样恒载荷拉伸能够发生低于材料抗拉强度的断裂,且断裂时间明显依赖于外加应力的大小,外加应力愈大,断裂时间愈短。这表明铸态Fe85Ga15合金在模拟海水中能够发生应力腐蚀开裂(SCC),且SCC归一化门槛应力为σscc/σb=0.34。慢应变速率拉伸显示,SCC敏感性在应变速率为5×10-7/s时最大,用强度损失表示为Iσ=(1-σc/σb)×100%=35%。阴极极化升高而阳极极化降低恒载荷SCC断裂时间。这些结果初步表明铸态Fe85Ga15合金在模拟海水中的应力腐蚀为阳极溶解型。     

高温高压酸性气井油套管钢在超临界CO_2环境下的腐蚀行为

高温高压酸性气井腐蚀环境恶劣,油套管腐蚀、变形、破损等事故频繁发生,严重影响气井安全生产。为了解掌握油套管钢的腐蚀类型、严重程度及耐蚀性能,利用高温高压反应釜在模拟井底实际工况条件下研究了J55、N80、P110、13Cr、S13Cr 5种油套管材质的抗CO_2腐蚀性能,运用失重法、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析等技术,重点分析了腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物膜形貌和腐蚀产物膜成分。结果表明:在本试验测试范围内,J55、N80、P110钢在90℃时腐蚀速率为最大,然后随温度升高而降低,属于极严重腐蚀;13Cr、S13Cr钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高不断增大,在150℃达到最大值;5种材料的平均腐蚀速率随CO_2分压的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势;碳钢材质腐蚀类型主要为均匀腐蚀+局部腐蚀,含Cr钢材质腐蚀类型主要为均匀腐蚀;碳钢CO_2腐蚀产物膜主要成分为FeCO_3,同时夹杂有少量的Fe_3C和铁的氧化物或铁单质;13Cr和S13Cr钢CO_2腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为晶态FeCO_3和非晶态的Cr(OH)_3,此外,还含有少量的Fe或Cr的氧化物、碳化物和单质Fe等。     

CO2分压对20#钢在CO2/H2O气液两相塞状流中腐蚀行为的影响

利用失重法、SEM、EDS、XRD和XPS等分析方法在自主设计的动态腐蚀实验装置上研究了CO_2分压对20#钢在CO_2/H_2O气液两相塞状流中腐蚀行为的影响,对腐蚀试样进行了腐蚀速率分析、腐蚀形貌特征观察以及腐蚀产物成分与膜层结构特征分析。结果表明:随CO_2分压的增加腐蚀速率增加,0.04 MPa、0.28 MPa下分别达到腐蚀速率最小值(1.160 9 mm/a)和最大值(1.898 8mm/a);上管壁腐蚀产物随着CO_2分压的增加最终形成颗粒较大的节瘤状产物,下管壁腐蚀产物由球形颗粒形成初始致密的单层膜逐渐转变为由致密的内层膜和具有网状连通裂纹的片状疏松外层膜构成;经EDS元素分析可知上下壁面的腐蚀产物均由Fe、C、O三种元素构成,XPS分峰图谱显示C 1s、O 1s和Fe 2p均出现了三个拟合峰位,结合XRD分析可知腐蚀产物的主要组成相有Fe_3C、FeCO_3、Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4、FeOOH。     

温度对油管钢CO2/H2S腐蚀速率的影响

为了研究温度对油管钢CO2/H2S腐蚀速率的影响,采用高温高压釜装置,辅以失重法计算和扫描电镜分析,对不同温度下(80 ℃,90 ℃,100 ℃,110 ℃)油管钢N80,P110的CO2/H2S腐蚀速率进行了研究,得到不同温度下两种钢的腐蚀速率和腐蚀形貌.研究结果表明,在试验温度范围内,N80钢和P110钢都发生了极其严重的 CO2/H2S腐蚀,随着温度的升高,两种钢的腐蚀速率均先增后降,且在90 ℃时达到最大,但P110钢的腐蚀速率高于N80钢.     

H_2S/CO_2环境中某油井管腐蚀失效的分析与讨论

某油井一单根二次入井的油管短节腐蚀严重,为了寻找其原因,对失效油管的化学成分、金相组织等进行了分析,并借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对腐蚀产物进行了分析。结果表明:失效油管化学成分、金相组织符合API 5CT-2011第9版P110钢等级的要求,材质为P110,无明显腐蚀短节的则为P110S;P110和P110S化学成分的差异性(Cr,Mo等)及同处于CO_2腐蚀性工况,导致了该短节发生CO_2腐蚀和电偶腐蚀失效。     

CO2驱油井环境下N80钢与3Cr13钢的电偶腐蚀行为

N80钢与3Cr13钢常作为油管和水力锚等的材料使用,在CO₂驱油井环境中不可避免偶接使用易产生电偶腐蚀。为此,通过开展CO₂环境下N80钢和3Cr13钢的腐蚀速率试验和电偶腐蚀试验,明确了CO₂含量、温度、压力和矿化度等因素作用下2种钢的电偶腐蚀规律。结果表明：CO₂驱油井中2种钢产生电偶腐蚀,3Cr13钢为阴极,且不受电偶腐蚀影响,N80钢为阳极,电偶腐蚀速率增大;且N80钢的电偶腐蚀速率随CO₂含量、温度、压力和矿化度的增大而增大;电偶腐蚀敏感因子随CO₂含量和压力增大而减小,当CO₂含量达到20.0%时电偶腐蚀敏感因子为负值,随温度升高先减小后增大,随矿化度增加而增大,电偶腐蚀速率最大可高于常规腐蚀69%。     

K2(Rb2,Cs2,Tl2)TeBr6(I6) and Rb3(Cs3)Sb2(Bi2)Br9(I9) perovskite compounds

We systematize available experimental data on the crystal structure of the ternary halides K₂(Rb₂,Cs₂,Tl₂)TeBr₆(I₆) and Rb₃(Cs₃)Sb₂(Bi₂)Br₉(I₉), analyze the general trends in the properties of their single crystals, and examine the key features of the physicochemical interaction in related systems.     

Natural and persistent superhydrophilicity of SiO2/TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 bi-layer films

Sol-gel SiO₂/TiO₂ and TiO₂/SiO₂ bi-layer films have been deposited from a polymeric SiO₂ solution and either a polymeric TiO₂ mother solution (MS) or a derived TiO₂ crystalline suspension (CS). The chemical and structural properties of MS and CS bi-layer films heat-treated at 500 °C have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscospy. Water contact angle measurements show that MS SiO₂/TiO₂ and CS TiO₂/SiO₂ bi-layer films exhibit a natural superhydrophilicity, but cannot maintain a zero contact angle for a long time over film aging. In contrast, CS SiO₂/TiO₂ bi-layer films exhibit a natural, persistent, and regenerable superhydrophilicity without the need of UV light. Superhydrophilic properties of bi-layer films are discussed with respect to the nature of the TiO₂ single-layer component and arrangement of the bi-layer structure, i.e. TiO₂ underlayer or overlayer.     

The role of TiO2 and ZrO2 in Na2OMO2SiO2 glasses

The glass transition temperatures of $\text{(1?x)}\text{Na}{}_2\text{O}\text{·}\text{1}\text{2}\text{x}\text{MO}{}_2\text{·2}\text{SiO}{}_2$ and Na₂O·xMO₂·(2 ?x)SiO₂ glasses, with M = Ti or Zr, have been related to the structural role and coordination of Ti and Zr. The role of network-former, intermediate or modifier of a cation has been fundamentally linked to ionic field strength; T_g values depend on ionic field strength and coordination. Titanium behaves like an intermediate oxide; its coordination ranges between four and six, depending on $\text{Ti}\text{Si}$ ratio. The role of zirconium changes according to the degree of substitution for Na or Si and progressively approaches that of a modifier ion.     

Syntheses and structures of Ta2(WO2)0.87H0.26(PO4)4 and Ta2(MoO2)(PO4)4

Tantalum hydrogen phosphate, β-TaH(PO₄)₂, has a three-dimensional structure that is stable to remarkably high temperature (∼600 °C) presumably due to the presence of strong hydrogen bonds. Impedance measurements indicate a low conductivity, 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ S/cm at 200 °C in 5% H₂. In further studies aimed at enhancing the conductivity by aliovalent doping, we have investigated systematically the synthesis of compounds in the TaH(PO₄)₂-W₂P₂O₁₁ system at 380 °C. As a result, a new phase, Ta₂(WO₂)_0.87H_0.26(PO₄)₄, was identified and subsequently the molybdenum analog Ta₂(MoO₂)(PO₄)₄ was also prepared. The structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structures of Ta₂(WO₂)_0.87H_0.26(PO₄)₄ and Ta₂(MoO₂)(PO₄)₄ can be formally derived from the structure of β-TaH(PO₄)₂ by the replacement of two P-OH protons with an MO₂²⁺ (M = Mo and W) group together with a change in the orientation of some phosphate tetrahedra.     

Al2O3/SiO2 and HfO2/SiO2 dichroic mirrors for UV solid-state lasers

HfO₂/SiO₂ and Al₂O₃/SiO₂ multilayers to be employed as high reflectance end mirrors in Cerium-doped fluoride solid-state lasers were produced by radio frequency sputtering. The components were designed to have high transmittance at the pumping wavelength and high reflectance in a wavelength band corresponding to the active medium emission. A photoacoustic beam deflection technique and inspection of the irradiated area under a microscope were used to measure the laser induced damage threshold of the mirrors at the pumping wavelength. These coatings were tested in a laser cavity.     

Crystal Structure of (H3O)2[(UO2)2(SeO4)3(H2O)2](H2O)3.5

Crystals of (H₃O)₂[(UO₂)₂(SeO₄)₃(H₂O)₂](H₂O)_3.5 were prepared from aqueous solutions by evaporation. The crystal structure [monoclinic system, space group P2₁/m, a = 11.9402(11), b = 13.6452(14), c = 13.7271(12) Å, β = 109.436(7)°, V = 2109.1(3) ų] was solved by the direct method and refined to R ₁ = 0. 048 (wR ₂ = 0. 082) for 3677 reflections with |F _hkl |F _hkl |. The structure consists of [(UO₂)₂(SeO₄)₃(H₂O)₂]₂₋ layers arranged parallel to the (010) plane. The layers are formed by uranium and selenium coordination polyhedra sharing common vertices and are linked with each other by hydrogen bonds through the H₂O and H₃O⁺ groups arranged between the layers. __________ Translated from Radiokhimiya, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2005, pp. 412–414. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2005 by Krivovichev, Kahlenberg.     

超临界流体干燥法制备TiO2/ Fe2O3 和TiO2/ Fe2O3/ SiO2 复合纳米粒子及光催化性能

以TiCl₄ 、Fe (NO₃ )₃·9H₂O 和Na₂SiO₃19H₂O 为原料, 采用溶胶凝胶法结合超临界流体干燥法(SCFD)制备了纳米级TiO₂/ Fe₂O₃ 和TiO₂/ Fe₂O₃/ SiO₂ 复合光催化剂。以光催化降解苯酚对所得催化剂的催化活性进行了评价。结果表明, 纳米TiO₂/ Fe₂O₃ 复合粒子与单组分TiO₂ 比较, 复合粒子光催化活性高于单组分的TiO₂, 6h 苯酚降解率高达95.9 %。SiO₂ 的加入可以抑制纳米粒子粒径的长大和晶相的转变, 增强TiO₂ 纳米粒子的热稳定性。复合光催化剂中Fe₂O₃ 最佳掺入量为0.06 %, SiO₂ 最佳掺入量为10 %(摩尔分数) 。并用XRD、TEM 和FTIR 等手段进行了表征。TiO₂ 以锐钛矿型形式存在, SiO₂ 以无定性形式存在。比较了不同制备方法制得的TiO₂/ Fe₂O₃ 复合光催化剂, 得出超临界干燥法制备的光催化剂具有粒径小、比表面积大、分散性好、光催化活性高等特点。采用超临界流体干燥可直接得锐钛型纳米复合光催化剂。     

Reactivity of the H2O2/TiO2 system

The reactivity of the H₂O₂/TiO₂ system for samples treated at atmospheric pressure is studied by means of Auger Electron Spectroscopy. The most significant changes on the TiO₂ ‘final’ state are: (i) The I(O)/I(Ti) peak-to-peak ratio is diminished by 15%. (ii) The LMV transition suffers an energy shift of +2 eV, whereas the peak-to-peak width diminishes 1.5 eV. (iii) Its structure changes with respect to that of the TiO₂ ‘initial’ state although it is not identified with any one of the known stoichiometric oxides. (iv) When the samples that represent the ‘final’ state are heated up to 650 K, the AES spectrum matches quite well that of the TiO₂ ‘initial’ state.     

Investigation on solar photocatalytic activity of TiO2 loaded composite: TiO2/Eggshell, TiO2/Clamshell and TiO2/CaCO3

The TiO₂/Eggshell, TiO₂/Clamshell and TiO₂/CaCO₃ loaded composites were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by XRD and SEM. Their photocatalytic activities were measured through the degradation of Acid Red B under solar light irradiation. The influences of TiO₂ loaded content, heat-treated temperature and time on the photocatalytic activities were reviewed. The effects of irradiation time and dye initial concentration on the photocatalytic degradation were also investigated. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity can be greatly enhanced by appropriate TiO₂ loaded content.     

纳米-Al2O3/SiO2加入量对MgO-Al2O3-SiO2复相陶瓷烧结机理的影响

为了探究纳米-Al₂O₃/SiO₂加入量对MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂复相陶瓷烧结行为的作用机理。以微米级MgO、纳米级Al₂O₃和SiO₂为主要原料制备陶瓷基复合材料。通过XRD和 SEM等检测手段对烧后试样的物相组成和微观结构进行测试与表征,重点研究Al₂O₃/SiO₂的加入对复相陶瓷物相组成、微观结构及烧结性能的影响。结果表明:随着Al₂O₃/SiO₂加入量的增大,试样烧后相对密度和烧后线变化率呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势,加入15%Al₂O₃/SiO₂(质量分数)的试样经1 500 ℃烧结后,其相对密度可以达到94%。引入的Al₂O₃/SiO₂与基体中的MgO生成镁铝尖晶石与镁橄榄石相,原位反应伴随的体积膨胀,抵消部分烧结过程中的体积收缩。Al₂O₃/SiO₂加入量为75%(质量分数)的试样经1 400 ℃烧结后,基体中有大量堇青石相生成,随着煅烧温度提高到1 500 ℃,堇青石分解所产生的高温液相促进了试样的烧结收缩。