基于广义Kelvin链钢管混凝土徐变研究

混凝土徐变是混凝土材料本身固有的一个时变特性,是结构响应中一个重要组成部分,其计算方法通常是建立在单轴试验和理论基础上。为探讨钢管混凝土徐变特性,该文采用自制的压力自平衡混凝土徐变试验装置对混凝土圆柱和圆钢管混凝土柱进行了徐变试验,结果表明:钢管混凝土柱徐变变形要比普通混凝土柱的徐变变形小,在该文试验中两者相差接近50%,这可能是密闭钢管内核心混凝土无法与外界发生水分交换而不发生干燥收缩和干燥徐变以及钢管围压所致。根据粘弹性理论,引入多参数Kelvin链粘弹性元件模型,建立了求解单轴应力状态下混凝土徐变的Volterra型积分方程,模型参数近似表示为连续粘滞谱。通过离散时间变量t和分步积分,进一步得到了单轴应力状态下混凝土徐变应力-应变增量本构模型。依据徐变叠加原理,考虑Poisson效应,进一步将单轴应力状态下混凝土徐变应力-应变增量本构模型拓展到三轴应力状态,用于钢管混凝土徐变分析。对有限元商用软件Ansys进行二次开发,将反映三轴应力状态下混凝土徐变性能的本构方程引入Ansys提供的用户子程序Usermat中,并采用Fortran语言编程,从而实现了钢管混凝土徐变长期性能的有限元分析计算。将有限元数值解与试验结果进行对比分析,发现该文提出的模型是科学的和有效的。该文提出的方法将为混凝土徐变计算提供了另一条有效途径。     

基于微预应力-固结理论的早龄期混凝土高温拉伸徐变试验与模拟

研究了早龄期混凝土高温拉伸徐变特性,建立起能够考虑混凝土内部水化热和外界环境温度影响,并且适用于早龄期混凝土拉伸徐变的数值计算方法。采用自行设计的门式徐变加载设备和环境箱控制系统,进行了室温（23℃）和高温（43℃）环境下的混凝土拉伸徐变试验,加载龄期分别为1 d、7 d和28 d。利用徐变试验结果确定模型的计算参数,进而模拟、验证温度因素对于混凝土拉伸徐变的影响。研究结果表明,早龄期混凝土的拉伸徐变对混凝土的加载龄期和温度变化非常敏感,基于微预应力-固结理论建立起考虑温度效应和早龄期特征的数值模型,可以较好地描述不同温度历史下的早龄期混凝土拉伸徐变特征。模型采用应力-应变增量关系进行数值计算,能够为通用有限元软件徐变分析的二次开发提供基础。     

徐变对水泥路面板湿度翘曲及应力影响研究

水泥混凝土路面板的温湿度翘曲和交通荷载的耦合作用是其发生疲劳破坏的主要原因之一。湿度梯度及湿度翘曲在路面板中的存在时间较为持续长久,不可避免地会受到混凝土徐变的影响。该文进行了干燥和密闭状态下水泥混凝土梁的弯曲徐变试验,提出弯曲徐变度和徐变系数的计算方法,并将上述徐变参数植入有限元程序中模拟分析徐变对结合式和分离式混凝土路面板翘曲变形和应力发展影响。结果表明：干燥状态下的弯曲徐变是密闭状态下徐变的1.67倍;徐变能够降低翘曲变形、翘曲应力及与荷载耦合情况下的总应力;徐变对结合式路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展影响较大,徐变降低了36%的湿度翘曲变形和45%的翘曲应力;在板角交通荷载的耦合作用下,徐变可使结合式路面板的总应力降低34%。因此徐变是合理分析混凝土路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展不可忽略的因素。     

考虑不同应力水平影响的混凝土徐变预测模型修正

为开展混凝土徐变预测模型修正研究,对不同应力水平下的混凝土进行了徐变试验和数值模拟,并进行了相互印证。通过数值模拟,研究了拉压应力、周期应力、双轴应力下的徐变特性,针对徐变预测模型CEB/FIP 1990估算精度低的现状,基于不同应力水平下混凝土徐变特性,结合工程实际给出了便于运用的徐变系数修正值。研究结果表明,采用的数值模拟方法为混凝土徐变预测模型的修正提供了一条新思路。     

考虑温度变化的钢管混凝土徐变试验研究及预测模型

为了定量得出实际温度变化对钢管混凝土徐变的影响规律,考虑ACI209徐变模型的计算形式,基于龄期调整的有效模量法,并通过Arrhe-nius理论引入温度参数,推导得出了考虑温度变化的钢管混凝土热徐变计算公式.并在室内进行了20℃恒定温度、季节变温下的钢管混凝土徐变试验.试验结果得出,相对于20℃恒温条件下的徐变,温度从20℃升高到40℃时,徐变应变增长幅度达57.8％;温度从40℃升温到60℃时,徐变应变增幅达34.1％.变温对钢管混凝土影响较大,处于实际变温环境下的钢管混凝土结构进行徐变设计时,应考虑变温对钢管混凝土徐变的影响.通过试验数据和理论计算值对比得出,理论计算值与试验结果吻合较好,验证了考虑温度影响的徐变预测模型的准确性,可为受实际温度影响的钢管混凝土徐变设计提供参考.     

不同应力状态下混凝土空间徐变的统一表达式

单轴、双轴和三轴徐变试验结果表明,混凝土的徐变与弹性变形一样具有空间特性,但根据单轴徐变试验得到的徐变系数、徐变泊松比以及采用叠加原理计算的双轴、三轴应力状态下的空间徐变与实际情况存在较大偏差。为了准确计算不同应力状态下混凝土的空间徐变,介绍了应力组合对有效徐变泊松比的影响和基于有效徐变泊松比的空间徐变计算方法。另外,根据应力张量的弹性力学意义,引入了球应力徐变系数φm和偏应力徐变系数φd,提出了基于这两个徐变系数的空间徐变计算统一表达式,可计算混凝土在单轴、双轴和三轴等不同应力状态下的空间徐变。     

钢管混凝土轴心受压构件的徐变预测模型及其徐变性能分析

为研究混凝土徐变对钢管混凝土轴心受压构件长期受力性能的影响,考虑构件截面内力重分布,建立了钢管混凝土轴心受压构件截面应力和应变以徐变系数为参数的随混凝土龄期变化关系的理论模型,结合已有试验数据和国内外常用12种混凝土徐变预测模型对该模型进行验证,并找到了适用于钢管混凝土轴心受压构件的徐变预测模型--Huo模型;在此基础上,计算并分析了钢管混凝土轴心受压构件混凝土龄期为10000 d的截面应力和应变;通过对混凝土强度等级、环境年平均相对湿度、初始加载龄期、含钢率、构件长度、截面应力水平等因素的不同取值,分析了各因素对钢管混凝土轴心受压构件徐变性能的影响程度及规律。结果表明：当钢管混凝土轴心受压构件的轴力不大于其极限承载力的60%时,随着加载龄期的增长,钢管截面应力逐渐增大,最大变化量达61.4%,而混凝土截面应力逐渐减小,最大变化量达26.2%;加载初期构件应变增长迅速,1000 d以后应变增长速度减慢,构件最终应变是初始应变的1.61倍;在轴压比相同的条件下,钢管混凝土轴心受压构件的徐变应变终值随着混凝土强度等级的提高而逐渐增大,随着含钢率的增大显著减小,随着初始加载龄期、环境年平均相对湿度、构件长度的增大而逐渐减小,轴压比不大于0.6时,其徐变应变终值随轴压比增长。研究成果可为钢管混凝土轴心受压构件在正常使用阶段徐变计算以及徐变变形控制提供依据。     

圆高强钢管UHPC梁抗弯性能研究

高强钢管高强混凝土的应用越来越广泛,但目前对于其徐变特性的试验研究较少。该文对15根不同含钢率的高强钢管高强混凝土轴压短柱进行了365 d的收缩和徐变测试,并将试验结果与常用的徐变预测模型MC90、ACI209和MC2010等进行了对比。试验结果表明：高强钢管高强混凝土的徐变系数远小于素混凝土,当加载365 d后,素混凝土的徐变系数是高强钢管高强混凝土的2倍以上;含钢率对钢管混凝土试件的徐变有一定影响,徐变系数随着含钢率的增大而减小。在对比的3种常用徐变预测模型中,MC2010模型的徐变预测结果与试验结果吻合最好,可推荐用于高强钢管高强混凝土的收缩和徐变效应计算。此外,还将高强钢管高强混凝土与普通钢管混凝土的徐变试验结果进行了对比,结果表明,钢管混凝土的徐变随着核心混凝抗压强度的增加而减小。研究成果可为高强钢管高强混凝土轴心受压构件在正常使用阶段的徐变预测及徐变变形控制提供依据。     

钢管混凝土小偏心受压构件的徐变分析

通过对钢管混凝土偏心受压构件的受力特性进行分析,结合核心混凝土的徐变特点,采用继效流动理论及多轴应力状态下混凝土的徐变理论,构造了计算钢管混凝土偏心受压构件徐变的计算方法。此方法较为合理地考虑了多轴应力状态下核心混凝土的特点及钢管混凝土构件徐变的影响因素(如含钢率、材料等级、应力级别等),并引入迭代来计算构件的徐变。计算算例结果与试验结果的对比表明:本文所提出的方法理论可靠、合理。     

P.C.连续刚构桥施工过程的仿真分析

现代P.C.(预应力混凝土)连续刚构桥受力复杂,成桥应力同施工过程相关。根据其结构及受力特点,提出用实体退化单元建立P.C.连续刚构桥施工过程分析的三维模型;将预应力筋作为结构的一部分,用等效节点荷载模拟预应力的张拉效应;用三参数粘弹性模型模拟混凝土徐变效应;提出了阶段模型应力的处理方法。以一实际刚构桥为对象对该方法进行了应用研究。结果表明:P.C.连续刚构桥在恒载状态下,成桥应力和挠度与施工过程密切相关,常用的一次成桥方式获得的成桥应力和挠度与实际有较大偏差。     

Verification of the new viscoelastic method of thermal stress calculation in asphalt layers of pavements

The new viscoelastic method of thermal stress calculations in asphalt layers has been developed and published recently by the author. This paper presents verification of this method. The verification is based on the comparison of the results of calculations with results of testing of thermal stresses in Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test. The calculations of thermal stresses according to the new method were based on rheological parameters of the Burgers model. The parameters were measured in laboratory at different low temperatures, at long time creep under constant loading. Five asphalt mixes were tested. Three of them were high modulus asphalt concretes and two conventional asphalt concretes. Specimens were prepared in exactly the same way both for rheological creep tests and for the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test. The results of measured thermal stresses were compared with thermal stresses calculated from the new viscoelastic method developed by the author and in most cases a good agreement was found. For comparison, the measured stresses were compared with results of calculations according to the existing methods. The viscoelastic Monismith method failed in prediction of thermal stresses. The prediction from the quasi-elastic Hills and Brien method was underestimated, but better than from the Monismith method and worse than from the new viscoelastic method. The reasons of discrepancies were discussed.     

基于分数阶黏弹性模型的木塑复合材料蠕变/回复性能分析

木塑复合材料(WPC)是一种木质纤维增强聚合物的新型环保复合材料,为分析WPC在非恒定荷载下的变形行为,进行结构的长期变形设计,对WPC的蠕变/回复变形进行计算分析。采用叠加原理对比分析既有蠕变计算模型对WPC蠕变/回复的整体预测效果。结果表明,现有模型均不能良好预测其蠕变/回复行为。采用基于分数阶微积分的黏弹性模型对其蠕变/回复行为进行预测,提出一种双参数法的修正分数阶黏弹性模型。通过与已有实测数据对比表明,该模型能够准确反映WPC的静态黏弹性行为。结合实验数据,给出了不同WPC蠕变/回复模型的参数取值。      

Creep buckling and post-buckling analyses for a hybrid laminated viscoelastic FGM cylindrical shell under in-plane loading

In this paper, creep buckling and post-buckling of a hybrid laminated viscoelastic functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shell under in-plane loading are investigated. Considering the high-order transverse shear deformation and geometric nonlinear theory, the von Karman geometric relation of the hybrid laminated viscoelastic FGM cylindrical shell with initial deflection is established. Based on the Donnell theory, elastic piezoelectric theory and Boltzmann superposition principle, nonlinear creep governing equations of the hybrid laminated viscoelastic FGM cylindrical shell under in-plane loading are derived. By means of the finite difference method and the Newton–Newmark method, the problem for creep buckling and post-buckling of the laminated shell’s structure is solved. Numerical results are presented to show effects of geometric parameters, power law index and loading on creep buckling and post-buckling of the hybrid laminated viscoelastic FGM cylindrical shell.     

Relevance of a mesoscopic modeling for the coupling between creep and damage in concrete

In its service-life concrete is loaded and delayed strains appear due to creep phenomenon. Some theories suggest that micro-cracks nucleate and grow when concrete is submitted to a high sustained loading, thereby contributing to the weakening of concrete. Thus, it is important to understand the interaction between the viscoelastic deformation and damage in order to design reliable civil engineering structures. Several creep-damage theoretical models have been proposed in the literature. However, most of these models are based on empirical relations applied at the macroscopic scale. Coupling between creep and damage is mostly realized by adding some parameters to take into account the microstructure effects. In the authors’ opinion, the microstructure effects can be modeled by taking into account the effective interactions between the concrete matrix and the inclusions. In this paper, a viscoelastic model is combined with an isotropic damage model. The material volume is modeled by a Digital Concrete Model which takes into account the “real” aggregate size distribution of concrete. The results show that stresses are induced by strain incompatibilities between the matrix and aggregates at mesoscale under creep and lead to cracking.     

Numerical relationship between creep deformation coefficients of prestressed concrete beams

It is important to precisely predict and control the long-term deformation of a prestressed concrete beam in engineering practice, where creep defection is the primary component. The key to precisely predicting the long-term deflection is clarifying the numerical relationship between the creep coefficient and creep deflection coefficient. In this paper, four simply supported prestressed beams (7.5 m in length) were loaded for 700 days. According to the creep strains at different heights in the mid-span cross section during the loading period, the plane-section assumption was verified for the prestressed beams under long-term loading. Meanwhile, geometry models of the creep strain were established for both fully prestressed and partially prestressed beams. By studying the models, the numerical relationships between the creep coefficient and creep deflection coefficient were derived; for the fully prestressed beams, the creep deflection coefficient is larger than the creep coefficient, while the opposite is true for partially prestressed beams. Moreover, an expression for the creep deflection coefficient was proposed; the coefficient is determined by the creep coefficient, prestress degree, prestress effect, and geometric properties of the cross section. A new method is thus proposed for the accurate calculation of the creep deflection of a prestressed concrete beam.     

Creep response of GFRP–concrete hybrid structures: Application to a footbridge prototype

Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) pultruded profiles have been increasingly used in civil engineering structural applications in the past few decades owing to their high strength, low weight and corrosion resistance. Nevertheless, the low material moduli, which makes design most often governed by deformability and instability phenomena, the brittle failure mechanisms and the high initial costs, have been delaying their widespread use. Hybrid GFRP–concrete structural solutions have been proposed to overcome the aforementioned limitations, namely the low material moduli. Furthermore, GFRP material creep models suggest that such hybrid structures may reduce the creep deformations when compared to full GFRP structures. In this context, this paper presents experimental and analytical investigations about the creep behaviour of a hybrid GFRP–concrete footbridge comprising two I-shaped GFRP pultruded profiles and a thin deck made of steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). The experiments comprised flexural creep tests on a 6.0 m long footbridge prototype subjected to a uniformly distributed load for up to 2642 h, during which deflections and axial deformations were monitored. In order to assess the influence of loading and environmental conditions on the creep behaviour of the structural system, the prototype was tested for three different combinations of load levels and seasons. Experimental results showed that (i) GFRP–concrete hybrid structures lead to a considerable decrease of the creep deformations of GFRP structures and that (ii) environmental conditions significantly influence the viscoelastic response of these hybrid structures. The models proposed, based on the creep response of the constituent materials, were able to predict the observed structural response for the different load levels and environmental conditions with very good accuracy. Therefore, they are proposed to predict the long-term response of GFRP–concrete structures instead of empirical models based on short-term experimental data.     

基于细观力学的纤维沥青混凝土有效松弛模量

为了研究纤维沥青混凝土的本构模型,将其视为以沥青混合料为粘弹性基体,纤维为弹性夹杂的两相复合材料。对基于复合材料细观力学理论建立的有效模量表达式进行了修正,提出了纤维沥青混凝土的割线有效松弛模量。以聚酯纤维沥青混凝土为例进行了有效松弛模量的解析分析和模拟蠕变实验的有限元分析,分析结果与试验数据的比较表明,该文提出的割线有效松弛模量模型对于纤维沥青混凝土粘弹性力学行为具有很好的预测能力。应用该模型对路面弯沉变形进行了有限元分析,结果表明:纤维的加入有效的改善了沥青混凝土路面的粘弹性性能。     

Viscoelastic response of thin membranes with application to red blood cells

The rate-type constitutive analysis of viscoelastic response of thin membranes, which includes an instantaneous elastic response and viscous behavior in both shear and dilatation, is developed with the aim to study the mechanical response of red blood cells. A convenient set of generalized stress and strain variables is introduced, which facilitates the derivation and integration of the governing differential equations. Gradual or sudden loading and stepwise unloading histories are considered. The performed parametric study of the mechanical response illustrates the effects of the introduced material parameters on the coefficient of viscoelastic lateral contraction and the overall membrane deformation. A closed form solution to the problem of radial stretching of a viscoelastic hollow circular membrane is derived without referral to the correspondence principle, which is of interest for the micropipette aspiration experiment of the red blood cell. The effects of the material parameters on the instantaneous elastic response and the subsequent rate of creep are discussed.     

The fracture and fatigue performance in flexure of carbon fiber reinforced concrete

The fracture parameters and fatigue performances of carbon fiber reinforced concrete is investigated by three point bending tests. In comparison with the results of quasi-static tests where no pre-cyclic loading is applied, the influence of pre-cyclic loading history on fracture parameters was researched by using compliance calibration. The test results show that the fracture parameters of carbon fiber reinforced concrete and plain concrete will be reduced if the pre-cyclic loading stress levels are higher than a certain threshold, and this threshold value for carbon fiber reinforced concrete is higher than that of plain concrete. The critical effective crack length for carbon fiber reinforced concrete is significantly larger than that of plain concrete and independent of the pre-cyclic loading history and fatigue life. Carbon fiber reinforced concrete has a considerable beneficial effect on the behaviour of concrete subjected to flexure fatigue loading.     

Development of a stress-mode sensitive viscoelastic constitutive relationship for asphalt concrete: experimental and numerical modeling

Asphalt binder is responsible for the thermo-viscoelastic mechanical behavior of asphalt concrete. Upon application of pure compressive stress to an asphalt concrete specimen, the stress is transferred by mechanisms such as aggregate interlock and the adhesion/cohesion properties of asphalt mastic. In the pure tensile stress mode, aggregate interlock plays a limited role in stress transfer, and the mastic phase plays the dominant role through its adhesive/cohesive and viscoelastic properties. Under actual combined loading patterns, any coordinate direction may experience different stress modes; therefore, the mechanical behavior is not the same in the different directions and the asphalt specimen behaves as an anisotropic material. The present study developed an anisotropic nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive relationship that is sensitive to the tension/compression stress mode by extending Schapery’s nonlinear viscoelastic model. The proposed constitutive relationship was implemented in Abaqus using a user material (UMAT) subroutine in an implicit scheme. Uniaxial compression and indirect tension (IDT) testing were used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of the bituminous materials and to calibrate and validate the proposed constitutive relationship. Compressive and tensile creep compliances were calculated using uniaxial compression, as well as IDT test results, for different creep-recovery loading patterns at intermediate temperature. The results showed that both tensile creep compliance and its rate were greater than those of compression. The calculated deflections based on these IDT test simulations were compared with experimental measurements and were deemed acceptable. This suggests that the proposed viscoelastic constitutive relationship correctly demonstrates the viscoelastic response and is more accurate for analysis of asphalt concrete in the laboratory or in situ.