MPP/PER/P阻燃PP的阻燃及热裂解行为

采用聚磷酸密胺(MPP)/季戊四醇(PER)/磷(P)三元膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)阻燃PP。测定了阻燃PP的极限氧指数(LOI)、UL94V阻燃性及热稳定性,以傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了阻燃PP热分解残余物的特征,以锥形量热仪(CONE)测定了阻燃PP诸多与火灾有关的阻燃参数,包括释热速度、质量损失速度、整释热量、有效燃烧热、比消光面积及点燃时间等,还以扫描电镜(SEM)观测了阻燃PP燃烧残炭的形态。     

溴系协效阻燃体系对PP阻燃和生烟性能的影响

利用极限氧指数、锥形量热仪和热重分析等方法对比研究了溴–锑和溴–铋协效阻燃体系对聚丙烯(PP)阻燃性能和生烟性能的影响。结果表明,八溴醚–氧化铋和八溴醚–三氧化二锑阻燃体系能明显提高PP的阻燃性能;当溴–锑和溴–铋阻燃剂的质量比为3∶1时,协同阻燃效果最佳,其中八溴醚–三氧化二锑和八溴醚–氧化铋的协同效率值分别为3.96和4.32。与纯PP相比,八溴醚的加入明显增大了PP的生烟速率(SPR)和总生烟量(TSR),但溴–铋阻燃PP的SPR峰值和TSR相比于溴–锑阻燃PP却分别下降了14.94%和14.32%。热重分析表明,溴–铋阻燃体系相比于溴–锑阻燃体系能较早地释放出HBr,并更大程度地降低PP的热裂解速率,从而更有效地提高溴系阻燃PP的协同阻燃效率并降低生烟量。     

壳聚糖/聚磷酸铵膨胀阻燃PP的阻燃及抑烟性能

为了提高聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃和抑烟性能,将壳聚糖(CS)作为膨胀型阻燃剂的碳源、聚磷酸铵(APP)作为膨胀型阻燃剂的酸源和气源,在此基础上通过熔融共混的方法制备了PP/CS/APP复合材料。采用极限氧指数仪、锥形量热仪等仪器研究了PP/CS/APP复合材料的的抑烟性及阻燃性。研究结果表明:CS/APP添加量为30%时,复合材料的极限氧指数值最大可达28.1%;且复合材料在烟气释放总量、CO和CO_2排放上明显降低,抑烟性得到了提升;热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率值、平均有效燃烧热值、总热释放量值降低,成炭率升高,PP/CS/APP复合材料更难点燃;火灾性能指数明显提高,阻燃性能得到了大幅度提升,火灾蔓延指数显著减小,同时火灾危险性也相应降低。     

磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂和溴锑阻燃剂复配对聚丙烯的性能影响

将磷-氮膨胀阻燃剂和溴锑阻燃剂分别单独或者按照一定的比例复配与聚丙烯（PP）熔融共混挤出制备阻燃PP复合材料,通过垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热测试、热失重分析、扫描电镜测试等研究其阻燃性能和阻燃机理,通过力学实验研究不同阻燃剂的添加对PP物理性能的影响。结果表明,单独添加膨胀型阻燃剂,阻燃剂的含量达到21%才能实现1.6mm样条UL-94 V-0级,单独添加溴锑阻燃剂,阻燃剂的添加量为32%时,2mm的样条只能达到V-1级,将膨胀型阻燃剂和溴锑阻燃剂复配,总添加量19%可以实现1.6mm样条UL-94 V-0级;在锥形量热测试中,复配体系的Av-HRR、Av-EHC、THR值都明显降低,形成的残炭更加坚硬致密。磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂和溴锑阻燃剂复配可以降低阻燃剂的添加量,两者有明显的协效阻燃作用。     

无卤阻燃聚丙烯材料的研究

用自制的膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)与成炭剂、无机填料复配和聚丙烯(PP)共混,进行燃烧性能测试,考察了共混体系的燃烧行为;利用锥形量热仪研究了表面处理剂对膨胀阻燃体系的影响;用氧指数(OI)分析了阻燃剂及其他助剂在PP中的阻燃作用。结果表明,该阻燃体系既有较好的阻燃效果,又有抑烟作用。     

硼-铝在膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯中的协同作用

通过热分析和锥形量热研究了硼-铝在膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯（PP）中的协同作用。热分析显示膨胀型阻燃剂KDIFR中,引入铝元素,由于催化脱水促进降解的作用,使剩碳率降低至14.6 %;引入硼元素,由于促进可燃小分子的生成,催化降解,也使剩碳率降低至5.9 %;硼铝共存时二者之间的协同作用可以降低在高温区的降解速率,提高剩碳率至19.7 %。PP/KDIFR的锥形量热表明,铝元素增大了热释放速率、释热总量、CO、CO₂和烟释放量;硼元素燃烧前期能减少热释放速率、释热总量、CO和CO₂释放量,有明显的抑烟作用,使阻燃效果略有提高。硼铝共存显著降低热释放速率、释热总量、CO、CO₂和烟释放量,大大提高了阻燃效果。     

MPP/PER/APP阻燃PP的阻燃及热裂解行为

采用聚磷酸蜜胺(MPP)／季戊四醇(PER)／聚磷酸铵(APP)三元膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)阻燃聚丙烯(PP),测定了阻燃PP的极限氧指数(LOI)、UL94V阻燃性及热稳定性,以傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了阻燃PP的热分解残余物。以锥形量热仪(CONE)测定了阻燃PP的诸多与火灾有关的阻燃参数,包括释热速度、质量损失速度、总释热量、有效燃烧热、比消光面积及引燃时间等,以光电子能谱(XPS)测定了阻燃PP残炭表面的元素组成及XPS曲线拟合数据,还以扫描电镜(SEM)观测了阻燃PP残炭的形态。     

不同阻燃剂阻燃聚丙烯的火灾危险性分析

采用垂直燃烧法和锥形量热法研究了添加四种不同类型阻燃剂的聚丙烯(PP)试样的阻燃性能和燃烧行为,提出了火势增长指数、放热指数、发烟指数和毒气生成速率指数4个评价试样火灾危险性的指标,根据每个指标对不同试样的火灾危险性进行了评价。结果表明,四种阻燃试样的热释放速率都有所降低,但只有氮系阻燃试样降低了比消光面积,同时溴系和无机磷阻燃试样提高了一氧化碳释放速率,试样在4个不同指标的逐项评价下排序也不尽相同。通过熵权法对指标赋权,建立了综合评价火灾危险性的新方法。研究发现,毒气生成速率指数在各指标中所起作用最大,火势增长指数所起作用最小,四种阻燃PP试样火灾危险性排序由小到大为氮系阻燃PP膨胀阻燃PP纯PP无机磷阻燃PP溴系阻燃PP,该结果可为火灾的防治和阻燃材料燃烧性能研究提供借鉴。     

一种高热稳定性磷氦系阻燃材料

本发明公开了一种高热稳定性的磷氮系阻燃材料,其特征在于,由磷氮膨胀型阻燃剂和负载活性组分的分子筛及其阻燃的有机聚合物构成。本发明采用酸性分子筛上负载促进成炭交联的过渡金属元素和磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂配伍使用,使磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃有机聚合物的分解温度提高,进而改善了其稳定性和阻燃性能。     

用锥形量热仪研究无卤阻燃HDPE体系的燃烧性

在35kW／m^2热辐照条件下,利用锥形量热仪研究了膨胀型阻燃剂／Mg(OH)2阻燃高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)体系的燃烧性。结果表明：膨胀型阻燃剂／Mg(OH)2能明显降低HDPE的热释放速率、总热释放量、最大生烟速率及总烟释放量。与膨胀型阻燃剂单独使用相比,Mg(OH)2与膨胀型阻燃剂复合使用的阻燃效果明显,总烟释放量减少了38％,总热释放量减少了10％,达到了低发炯、高效阻燃的目的。     

An efficient approach to improving fire retardancy and smoke suppression for intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites via incorporating organo‐modified sepiolite

In this work, an efficient approach to improving the fire retardancy and smoke suppression for intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene (PP) composites is developed via incorporating functionalized sepiolite (organo‐modified sepiolite [ONSep]). The PP composites with different amounts of intumescent flame retardants and ONSep were prepared by melt compounding. The morphology, thermal behavior, fire retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical property of flame‐retardant PP composites were studied. The results indicate an appropriate amount of ONSep in the flame‐retardant PP composites can increase thermal degradation temperature and char formation as well as a reduction of the peak heat release rate and total heat release; moreover, the addition of ONSep significantly decreases the CO production, total smoke production, smoke production rate, and smoke temperature. Simultaneously, the impact strength of intumescent flame‐retardant PP composite is also maintained by introducing an appropriate amount of ONSep as compared with that without ONSep.     

Synthesis and characterization of bio-based intumescent flame retardant and its application in polyurethane

A novel bio-based P-N containing intumescent flame retardant melamine starch phytate (PSTM) was prepared via the reaction of phytic acid starch ester with melamine and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of PSTM on thermal properties and flammability of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were analyzed by TGA, limit oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL-94) and cone calorimeter measurement. The TGA results demonstrated that the thermal stabilities of PU/PSTM foam at high temperature was enhanced with the increasing additive amount of PSTM. The results showed that PU foam with 30 php PSTM (PU/PSTM-30%) observed an LOI value of 25.9 and a UL-94 rating of V-0. Cone calorimetry data showed that peak heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production rate of PU/PSTM-30% were distinctly lower than that of pure PU. Further experimental results demonstrated that PSTM promotes well charring of PU which could protect the foam from combustion. This work developed a novel bio-based intumescent flame retardant by suing phytic acid and starch as the acid source and carbon source, respectively, which is of great significance to the preparation of environmental-friendly flame retardants.     

超细硼酸锌对LDPE/IFR体系抑烟性能的影响

用锥形量热法研究了超细硼酸锌对膨胀型阻燃低密度聚乙烯(LDPE/IFR)体系燃烧时发烟量和气体(CO、CO2)释放量的影响。结果表明:在超细硼酸锌引入LDPE/IFR体系后,烟产生速率的峰值从0.0427m2/s降低到0.0151m2/s,总烟释放量由1340.95降低为719.6,烟产生速率峰值出现的时间推后,证明了超细硼酸锌具有显著的抑烟作用,同时对LDPE/IFR体系燃烧时产生的CO和CO2也具有显著的抑制作用。     

The dynamic flammability and toxicity of magnesium hydroxide filled intumescent fire retardant polypropylene

The flammability properties of an intumescent fire retardant polypropylene added with magnesium hydroxide was discussed in this study. To evaluate the flammability of the material, limit oxygen index, smoke emission, tensile strength, and our exploitation dynamic flammability evaluation system, tests were assessed in experiments. The results showed that the intumescent flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate-filled polypropylene has superior flammability properties but higher carbon oxide (CO) concentration and smoke density. By adding some magnesium hydroxide additives in intumescent fire retarded polypropylene, the smoke density and CO concentration decrease; and the compound also has superior fire properties. It is concluded that intumescent system and magnesium hydroxide additives are effective on improving combustion properties for polypropylene. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:989–995, 1998     

EG与IFR复合阻燃EVA的动态燃烧性能和协同效应

将可膨胀石墨(EG)与P-N膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)复合阻燃EVA树脂,通过氧指数(OI)、垂直燃烧测试(UL94)、锥形量热仪(CONE)研究了EG与IFR复合阻燃EVA的协同效应。结果表明:阻燃剂总添加量为30 phr,随着其中EG含量的增加,OI呈先增加后下降趋势,确定EG:IFR=1:1为最佳配比,OI达到36.6%,UL94为V-0级;EG与IFR复合阻燃EVA,热释放速率曲线呈现"前单峰型",为凝聚相阻燃机理;燃烧后形成的炭层结构较致密,表现出一定的协同作用。     

锥形量热法研究木质素基膨胀型阻燃剂对环氧树脂阻燃抑烟效果

以来自自然界储量第二的木质素作为膨胀型阻燃剂的基体,通过接枝氮、磷元素成功合成碳源、酸源、气源三位一体的木质素基膨胀型阻燃剂(Lig?T),实现了良好的阻燃性能.将Lig?T按照不同含量添加到环氧树脂(EP)中制备EP/Lig?T复合材料,以锥形量热测试考察复合材料的热稳定性能和阻燃性能,并重点考察复合材料在接近真实火...     

Flame retardation and thermal degradation of intumescent flame‐retarded polypropylene composites containing spirophosphoryldicyandiamide and ammonium polyphosphate

A novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant, spirophosphoryldicyandiamide (SPDC), was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to produce a compound intumescent flame retardant (IFR). This material was used in polypropylene (PP) to obtain IFR‐PP systems whose flammability and thermal behavior were studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry. In addition, the mechanical properties of the systems were investigated. The results indicated that the compound intumescent flame retardant showed both excellent flame retardancy and antidripping ability for PP when the two main components of the IFR coexisted in appropriate proportions. The optimum flame retardant formulation was SPDC:APP = 3:1, which gave an LOI value of 38.5 and a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Moreover, the heat release rate, production of CO, smoke production rate, and mass loss rate of the IFR‐PP with the optimum formulation decreased significantly relative to those of pure PP, according to the cone calorimeter analysis. The char residues from the cone calorimetry experiments were observed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that a homogeneous and compact intumescent char layer was formed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers