工艺参数对RE-Ni-Fe-P-PTFE复合镀层中PTFE含量的影响

在铜片上电沉积得到了RE–Ni–Fe–P–PTFE复合镀层,探讨了温度、pH、搅拌速率及电流密度对镀层中PTFE含量的影响。结果表明,在温度为55°C,pH为2~3,电流密度10A/dm2及中等强度搅拌的条件下,可获得PTFE质量分数7.6%的RE–Ni–Fe–P–PTFE复合镀层。随着镀层中PTFE含量的增大,镀层的摩擦因数不断降低,其润滑性得到提高。     

铝基体复合电沉积镍–碳纳米管复合镀层

采用电沉积法在铝基体上制备了镍–碳纳米管复合镀层,探讨了镀液中碳纳米管含量、电流密度、搅拌速率、温度、电镀时间等因素对镀层碳纳米管含量和厚度的影响,得出制备镍–碳纳米管复合镀层的适宜工艺条件为:碳纳米管质量浓度4 g/L,电流密度8 A/dm2,搅拌速率440 r/min,温度40°C,沉积时间40 min。采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对镀层表面形貌和成分进行分析,通过电化学测试比较了不同镀层在不同腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性。与纯镍镀层相比,镍–碳纳米管复合镀层的晶粒尺寸更小,表面更粗糙,耐腐蚀性更好。     

碱性锌酸盐电镀锌–碳化硅复合镀层工艺优化

以Q235钢板为基体,在由70.0 g/L氧化锌、180.0 g/L氢氧化钠、2.8 g/L香草醛、1 m L/L甲醛、1.0 g/L硫脲和1.0 g/L三乙烯四胺组成的普通碱性镀锌液中加入SiC微粒电镀得到Zn–SiC复合镀层。研究了电流密度、温度、SiC用量和搅拌速率对Zn–SiC复合镀层耐蚀性的影响,得到较佳工艺条件为:SiC用量8 g/L,电流密度2.5~4.0 A/dm~2,温度20~25°C,搅拌速率120 r/min。SiC的存在有利于生成晶粒细小、致密且显微硬度较高的镀层。在较佳工艺下,Zn–SiC复合镀层中SiC的质量分数为1.51%,其耐蚀性优于纯锌镀层。     

铝–碳纳米管复合镀层的电沉积

采用有机溶剂体系在紫铜基体上电沉积制备Al–碳纳米管(CNTs)复合镀层。镀液组成为:Li Al H4 10 g/L,四氢呋喃600 m L/L,Al Cl3 100 g/L,甲苯400 m L/L,柠檬酸钠20 g/L,分散剂0.4 g/L,CNTs 1 g/L。研究了电流密度、温度、搅拌速率和电镀时间对电沉积Al–CNTs复合镀层的影响,得到较好的工艺条件为:电流密度6 A/dm2,温度25°C,搅拌速率300 r/min,时间40 min。在该工艺条件下制备的Al–CNTs复合镀层呈较光亮的灰白色,厚度约为30μm,镀层的微观表面凹凸不平,但晶粒比纯Al镀层更为细致。     

镍-铝颗粒复合电镀工艺

以不锈钢为基体,电沉积制备镍–铝复合镀层。研究了电流密度、pH、搅拌速率、镀液中Al颗粒含量及温度对镍–铝复合镀层外观和Al含量的影响。复合镀的较佳工艺参数为:NiSO4·7H2O(150±2)g/L,NH4Cl(15±1)g/L,H3BO3(15±1)g/L,C12H25SO4Na(0.10±0.01)g/L,明胶0.5g/L,Al颗粒30g/L,消泡剂适量,温度(30±2)°C,pH4.5,电流密度2.5A/dm2,搅拌速率150r/min,时间90min。在较佳工艺下,所得镀层的Al含量为4.4%～5.2%(质量分数),表面较为均匀,但略显粗糙。     

Ni-SiC复合电镀工艺的优化及镀层结构表征

利用电沉积法制备出Ni-SiC复合镀层,研究了阴极电流密度、温度、pH、搅拌速率、表面活性剂等工艺参数对镀层显微硬度和沉积速率的影响,通过正交试验得出了最佳工艺参数:阴极电流密度4A/dm2,SiC微粒悬浮量60g/L,温度40℃,pH 2.5,搅拌速率300 r/min.用SEM、XRD和TEM分析了镀层的表面形貌、组织结构及镀层中粒子的分布,结果表明:SiC微粒均匀分布于复合镀层中,镀层表面平整光滑,显微组织均匀、致密,其显微硬度也较纯镍镀层有显著提高.     

钛合金表面Ni-TiB2复合镀层的结构与性能

在Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面制备了Ni-TiB_2复合镀层。通过单因素试验,研究了镀液中TiB_2的质量浓度、搅拌速率和电流密度对复合镀层中TiB_2的质量分数的影响。优选出的最佳工艺参数为:镀液中TiB_2的质量浓度12g/L,搅拌速率500r/min,电流密度3A/dm~2。同时,获得了TiB_2的质量分数较高(约为9%)的复合镀层。Ni-9%TiB_2复合镀层表面较致密,其硬度约为钛合金基体的2倍。     

电流密度对钴−碳化铬复合电镀层组织的影响

研究了电流密度对Co–Cr3C2复合电镀层的组织、生长速率和Cr3C2粉末复合量的影响。随着电流密度从5 A/dm2提高至8 A/dm2,镀层表面先变致密后变粗糙;镀层生长速率逐渐增大,但增大幅度逐步趋缓;粉末复合量呈现先增加后减小的趋势。在试验范围内,电流密度为6 A/dm2时,镀层外观质量最好,粉末复合量最高(质量分数为5.1%),组织均匀性较好。     

硫酸盐镀液中紫铜电沉积Ni-Co/WC复合镀层的工艺条件优化

在硫酸盐镀液中加入纳米WC颗粒,通过电沉积在紫铜表面制备了Ni-Co/WC复合镀层.采用单因素分析法考察了镀液中纳米颗粒浓度、温度、阴极电流密度和搅拌速度对复合镀层硬度的影响,确定了电沉积Ni-Co/WC复合镀层的最佳工艺条件为:镀液中纳米颗粒浓度11 g/L、温度60℃、阴极电流密度5 A/dm2、搅拌速度450 r...     

铜-钨复合镀层电沉积工艺及其性能

采用复合电沉积的方法,通过在镀铜液中加入直径为1～3μm的钨颗粒,在纯铜表面制备了铜_钨复合镀层.研究了镀液中钨质量浓度、阴极电流密度.搅拌速率、镀液温度等工艺参数对镀层中钨质量分数的影响,测定了复合镀层的显微硬度和接触电阻.得到了复合电沉积的最优工艺为:钨质量浓度35 g/L,电流密度4 A/dm2,搅拌强度600 r/min,温度5℃.所得铜-钨复合镀层具有合适的显微硬度(98.5～112.0 Hv)、稳定且较低的接触电阻及较长的电接触寿命,可以取代AgCdO触头.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。