Grundlagenuntersuchungen zur Herstellung von Emulsionen im Ultraschallfeld — Teil 2

The formation of emulsions by use of ultrasonication was investigated, particularly for low‐viscosity oils. The influence of the irradiated volume, power density, viscosity of the dispersed and continuous phases as well as the influence of the oil fraction on drop size were investigated. An equation based on turbulence theory can be used to predict the dependence of drop size on different process conditions and substance properties. Comparison with other methods shows that emulsification can be achieved with ultrasound just as efficiently.     

Integrierter Umweltschutz und Biotechnologie: Ökobilanz und Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung im Innovationsprozess

The main objectives of integrated approaches to environmental protection in industrial processes are cost reduction and a reduction of environmental impact. Environmental protection measures should be integrated into the innovation processes since it is during the development stage that some 80% of the overall costs arise. Substantial potential for such innovation exists in the chemical industry, especially in the field of fine chemicals. The substitution of traditional chemical industrial procedures by biotechnological methods appears particularly promising. For example, the use of enzymes (extremozymes) or fermentative methods has much to offer. Estimation of the benefits of such procedures critically depends on information instruments such as eco‐balances in combination with analysis of economic efficiency. Since such instruments are not consistent in their approach and application, further considerations concerning the amalgamation are required.