Practical Multiuser Diversity With Outdated Channel Feedback

Inspired by the information theoretic results concerning multiuser diversity, we address practical issues in implementing multiuser diversity in a multiple access wireless setting. Considering a channel-assigning strategy that assigns the channel only to the user with the best instantaneous SNR [3], our emphasis is on the effects of channel feedback delay in downlink transmissions. A finite set of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) constellations is adopted and a constant transmit power is assumed in this practical multiuser adaptive modulation scheme. Based on the closed-form expressions for average bit error rate (BER) and average data rate, we illustrate the impact of channel feedback delay on the achievable multiuser diversity gain with the number of users. Simple and accurate asymptotic approximations are also provided in the limit of large numbers of users. Focusing on different applications, we propose two optimization criteria for the switching thresholds, based on either an average BER, or an outage probability constraint. Two novel constant power, variable rate M-QAM schemes that are less sensitive to feedback delay are proposed using the optimal switching thresholds, which are derived to maximize the average data rate subject to these two constraints, respectively. To obtain a certain degree of fairness among the users, we also consider a fair channel-assigning strategy that assigns the channel to only the user with the greatest normalized SNR.     

Opportunistic Beamforming over Rayleigh Channels with Partial Side Information

In recent years, diversity techniques have evolved into highly attractive technology for wireless communications in different forms. For instance, the channel fluctuations of the users in a network are exploited as multiuser diversity by scheduling the user with the best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When fading is slow, beamforming at a multiple antenna transmitter is used to induce artificial channel fluctuations to ensure multiuser diversity in the network. Such a beamforming scheme is called opportunistic beamforming since the transmitter uses random beamforming to artificially induce opportunism in the network [1]. Opportunism requires a large number of users in the system in order to reach the performance of the true beamforming that uses perfect channel state information (CSI). In this paper we investigate the benefit of having partial CSI at an opportunistic transmitter. In the investigation, we focus on the maximum normalized SNR scheduling where user?s feedback consists of SNR relative to its channel gain. We show that opportunism can be beneficially used to increase the average throughput of the system. Simulations support the analytical average throughput results obtained as the amount of CSI and the number of users vary.     

Performance Analysis of Maximum SNR Scheduling with an Infrastructure Relay Link

We consider infrastructure-based amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying for extending downlink and uplink coverage areas of a cellular base station. The base station serves multiple mobile users via a multi-hop backhaul relay link by sharing out access link channel resources with maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scheduling. We analyze the performance of the system by deriving closed-form expressions for outage probability, outage capacity, ergodic capacity, average end-to-end SNR and amount of fading (AoF). These measures show that maximum SNR scheduling of multiple users in a cellular relay link offers significant diversity, capacity and SNR improvement over single-user transmission and round robin scheduling. We also relate performance of the relay link to that of a distributed antenna system (DAS), and show that the noisy wireless backhaul relay link induces tolerable performance deterioration compared to deploying a cable-connected distributed antenna.     

Throughput and Channel Access Statistics of Generalized Selection Multiuser Scheduling

To provide a near-optimal low-complexity solution to parallel multiuser scheduling in code-division multiple-access (CDMA), we propose generalized selection multiuser diversity (GSMuD) schemes with multi-code channel assignment and analyze their performance. The proposed GSMuD (Lc, L) schemes rank a total of L users awaiting transmissions by their signal-tonoise ratios (SNRs) and select the Lc (1 ? Lc ? L) users with the largest absolute (or normalized) SNRs for parallel channel access, which achieve near-optimal sum rate with a low scheduling complexity. The sum and individual channel throughput rates, second order statistics, fairness, and channel access statistics of the proposed GSMuD schemes are derived, taking into account different types of generalized fading channels. Compared to the round robin (RR) scheduling without SNR ranking, the GSMuD with normalized SNR ranking achieves a substantially higher sum rate while maintaining fairness. GSMuD also significantly improves the channel access performance and the degree of fairness than selective multiuser diversity (SMuD), which selects one best user only at each time slot.     

Performance of heterogeneous multiuser MIMO system with cross-layer design and multiple outdated estimations in Rayleigh fading channel

By combining adaptive modulation and automatic repeat request protocol as well as user scheduling, a cross-layer design (CLD) scheme for multiuser MIMO system with the normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based scheduling under heterogeneous case is developed, where perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) are both considered. Based on this, by exploiting previous channel estimation information, the multiple outdated estimates method is presented to improve the system performance under imperfect CSI. According to the performance analysis and the normalized-SNR based scheduling scheme, the average spectral efficiency (SE) and packet error rate (PER) of the system are derived, respectively. As a result, closed-form SE and PER expressions are attained. These expressions include the ones with conventional single outdated estimate as special cases, and can provide good performance evaluation for the multiuser CLD system under heterogeneous case. Simulation results show that the derived theoretical SE and PER are in consistent with the corresponding simulations. Moreover, the presented CLD scheme with multiple estimates can provide higher SE and lower PER than that with conventional single estimate in the presence of imperfect CSI. Besides, multiuser MIMO-CLD has superior performance over the conventional single user counterpart due to the multiuser diversity.     

存在信道估计误差的有限反馈多用户多输入多输出传输性能分析

该文针对存在信道估计误差的有限反馈多用户多输入多输出(MIMO)传输性能进行分析。基于量化微元逼近理论得出了多用户迫零波束赋型系统容量的下界;该下界表明:存在信道估计误差时,随着码本尺寸的增大,高信噪比条件下系统容量趋于一有限值;并且,信道估计误差越大,系统容量随码本尺寸收敛越早。进一步分析了采用多用户选择分集的系统容量性能,分析表明,当用户数量趋于无穷大时,和容量有界。该文结果和现有文献的结论不同,并经由仿真结果进行验证。     

The impact of multiuser diversity on space-time block coding

In this letter, analytic performance results are derived for space-time block coding paired with multiuser diversity. We consider a scenario in which K active data users, each of which is potentially equipped with multiple antenna elements, are served by a multi-antenna element base station (BS). We focus on the downlink channel, where a space-time block coding scheme is employed and assume that channel quality information is reported to the BS by all users on a per frame basis. Using a scoring function at the BS, time resources are allocated to the user with the best instantaneous effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), facilitating a multiuser diversity mechanism. Using order statistics, we compute histograms and cumulative distribution functions of the effective SNR at the space-time combiner output and assess the interaction between multiuser diversity obtained via scheduling and spatial diversity obtained via the space-time code.     

Performance Analysis of Scheduling in Multiuser MIMO Systems with Zero-Forcing Receivers

Despite its low-complexity, the zero-forcing receiver is known to suffer from noise enhancement to restore the spatially multiplexed data in a single-user MI MO system. Nevertheless, in the multiuser system, the poor-channel avoidance property of the scheduling technique provides a natural way to overcome the drawback of noise enhancement (Heath et al., 2001). In this paper, we present an analytical framework to evaluate the performance of the zero-forcing receiver operating in the multiuser MIMO system with user scheduling. Using the order statistics technique, we derive closed-form expressions for the sum-rate capacity of the multiuser MIMO system that employs the simple spatial multiplexing at the transmitter and zero-forcing processing at the receiver with a number of scheduling algorithms. These closed-form expressions hold for an arbitrary finite number of users and facilitate efficient numerical evaluations for cases of practical interest. In addition, the tractable analysis provides insight into how the scheduling technique affects the performance of the multiuser MIMO system under scalar feedback and vector feedback. The results are also extended to the case of heterogonous users with unequal average SNR.     

On Scheduling for Multiple-Antenna Wireless Networks Using Contention-Based Feedback

Multiuser diversity gain is an effective technique for improving the performance of wireless networks. This gain can be exploited by scheduling the users with the best current channel conditions. However, this kind of scheduling requires that the base station (or access point) knows some kind of channel quality indicator (CQI) information for every user in the system. When the wireless link lacks channel reciprocity, each user must feed back this CQI information to the base station. The required feedback load makes exploiting multiuser diversity extremely difficult when the number of users becomes large. To alleviate this problem, this paper considers a contention-based CQI feedback where only users whose channel gains are larger than a threshold are allowed to transmit their CQI information through a spread-spectrum based contention channel. Considering the capture effect in this contention channel, it is shown that i) the multiuser diversity gain can be exploited regardless of the number of transmit antennas at the base station and ii) the total system throughput exponentially approaches that of the full feedback scheme as the spreading code length of the contention channel linearly increases. In addition, it is also shown that multiuser diversity can be maintained with the feedback delay of time-variant channels. We also consider the issue of differentiated rate scheduling, in which the base station gives different rates to different subsets of mobiles. In this scenario, mobiles feed back their CQI with some access probability, and we show this technique causes only a negligible throughput loss compared to the case without supporting differentiated rate.     

Opportunistic Scheduling in Multiuser OFDM Systems with Clustered Feedback

This paper proposes a random access based feedback protocol for multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems with clustered feedback, where users are assigned to clusters of subcarriers based on the feedback of channel state information to the base station. To reduce feedback requirements, the proposed protocol employs a contention channel with a fixed number of feedback minislots to carry feedback for each cluster. Users send a feedback message with some probability in the appropriate feedback slot if their average channel quality on a cluster is above a threshold. Both arithmetic and geometric averages are used and compared as channel quality measures. The threshold and feedback probability are jointly adjusted to maximize the estimated average sum rate of all users based on two different limited feedback information. Numerical simulations illustrate that it is possible to achieve multiuser diversity gain despite collisions in the feedback channel and with only a few feedback opportunities.     

Performance Analysis of Multiuser Diversity in MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection

In this paper, a framework is presented to analyze the performance of multiuser diversity (MUD) in multiuser point-to-multipoint (PMP) MIMO systems with antenna selection. Based on this framework, the tight closed-form expressions of outage capacity and average symbol error rate are derived for the multiuser transmit antenna selection with maximal-ratio combining (TAS/MRC) system, by which we show how and with what characteristics antenna selection gains, MIMO antenna configurations and fading gains impact on the system performance, with an emphasis on the study of multiuser diversity influence. From both theoretical and simulation results, our study shows that in multiuser PMP TAS/MRC systems an diversity order equals to the product of the number of transmit antennas, number of receive antennas and number of users can be achieved; what's more, users plays a key role in the system performance and can be viewed as equivalent 'virtual" transmit antennas, which is the source of the multiuser diversity inherent exists in the multiuser system. This kind of diversity can be efficiently extracted in the design of multiantenna systems.     

空间相关对发射分集系统的多用户分集性能的影响

研究空间相关对发射分集结合调度策略的多用户系统下行链路性能的影响.推导出发射天线之间存在空间相关的条件下,TxAA(Transmit Adaptive Array)、STBC(Space-Time Block Coding)结合调度策略的多用户系统平均容量的表达式,在此基础上研究其平均容量.通过仿真验证理论分析的有效性.结果表明,发射天线之间的空间相关性会提高多用户系统的平均容量,另外TxAA在各种相关条件下的系统平均容量都优于STBC.     

Performance of Orthogonal Beamforming for SDMA With Limited Feedback

On the multiantenna broadcast channel, the spatial degrees of freedom support simultaneous transmission to multiple users. The optimal multiuser transmission, which is known as dirty paper coding, is not directly realizable. Moreover, close-to-optimal solutions such as Tomlinson-Harashima precoding are sensitive to channel state information (CSI) inaccuracy. This paper considers a more practical design called per user unitary and rate control (PU2RC), which has been proposed for emerging cellular standards. PU2RC supports multiuser simultaneous transmission, enables limited feedback, and is capable of exploiting multiuser diversity. Its key feature is an orthogonal beamforming (or precoding) constraint, where each user selects a beamformer (or precoder) from a codebook of multiple orthonormal bases. In this paper, the asymptotic throughput scaling laws for PU2RC with a large user pool are derived for different regimes of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the multiuser interference-limited regime, the throughput of PU2RC is shown to logarithmically scale with the number of users. In the normal SNR and noise-limited regimes, the throughput is found to scale double logarithmically with the number of users and linearly with the number of antennas at the base station. In addition, numerical results show that PU2RC achieves higher throughput and is more robust against CSI quantization errors than the popular alternative of zero-forcing beamforming if the number of users is sufficiently large.     

Performance Analysis of Multiuser Diversity under Transmit Antenna Correlation

In this paper, we investigate the effect of spatial correlation on throughput performance of downlink multi-antenna transmission schemes exploiting multiuser diversity, in which partial channel information such as signal-to-interference plus noise power ratio (SINR) is available at the transmitter. The asymptotic analysis is performed based on the extreme value theory. From this analysis, we demonstrate that the throughput optimal transmission scheme depends on the degree of the antenna correlation and the operating SNR. Especially, the multiuser spatial multiplexing known as the asymptotically optimal transmission scheme is no longer optimal in highly correlated multiple antenna channels.     

Performance Analysis of Multiuser Diversity on OSTBC MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection in the Presence of Feedback Delay CSI

In this paper, we studied a comprehensive analytical symbol error probability (SEP) performance analysis of downlink multiuser diversity (MUD) on orthogonal space–time block code (OSTBC) system with transmit antenna selection (TAS) in the presence of imperfect channel state information (CSI) due to feedback delay over Rayleigh fading channels. The novel analytical approach is suitable for MUD with TAS/OSTBC systems in which effective receiver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is described as highest order statistic of Chi square distribution. Based on this framework, the closed-form SEP expressions are evaluated for the MUD exploiting TAS/OSTBC with normalized SNR based scheduling in heterogeneous wireless networks. Further, we derive approximate SEP; upper bound and lower bound SEP at high SNR under delayed feedback CSI. Thereafter the impact of feedback delay and antenna structures with significance on the consideration of MUD on the performance of the system has been analyzed.

     

New Approximation Formulas for Tighter Bounds of the Q-Function and its Applications

In this paper, we investigate the performance of various multi-user scheduling algorithms over independent and non-identically distributed generalized fading channel and 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) networks. Multi-user scheduling is an important task to be performed in wireless communication networks to share the bandwidth resource effectively between large number of users. In this paper, novel expressions for average BER, average channel capacity and fairness among users are derived for various scenarios such as (1) independent identical fading parameter, independent non identical average SNR channel conditions and (2) both fading parameter and average SNR are independent and non-identically distributed under absolute SNR (AS) scheduling and threshold SNR scheduling. More over the performance of threshold SNR scheduling is compared with AS scheduling and other existing scheduling techniques to identify a suitable scheduling algorithm for LTE networks. Analytical expressions are simulated and validated through MATLAB, and insightful discussions are provided from the numerical results.

     

Performance analysis of dynamic channel allocation based on the greedy approach for orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access downlink systems

This paper presents a performance analysis of dynamic channel allocation (DCA) based on the greedy approach (GA) for orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access downlink systems over Rayleigh fading channels. The GA‐based DCA achieves its performance improvement using multiuser diversity. We analyze the statistics of the number of allocable users that represents the multiuser diversity order at each allocation process. The derived statistics are then used to analyze the performance of GA‐based DCA. The analysis results show that the number of subcarriers allocated to each user must be equal to achieve the maximum system performance based on outage probability and data throughput. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of Training and Scheduling in the Non-Coherent SIMO Multiple Access Channel

Channel state information (CSI) is important for achieving large rates in MIMO channels. However, in time-varying MIMO channels, there is a tradeoff between the time/energy spent acquiring channel state information (CSI) and the time/energy remaining for data transmission. This tradeoff is accentuated in the MIMO multiple access channel (MAC), since the number of channel vectors to be estimated increases with the number of users. Furthermore, the problem of acquiring CSI is tightly coupled with the problem of exploiting CSI through multiuser scheduling. This paper considers a block-fading MAC with coherence time T, n uncoordinated users-each with one transmit antenna and the same average power constraint, and a base station with M receive antennas and no a priori CSI. For this scenario, a training-based communication scheme is proposed and the training and multiuser-scheduling aspects of the scheme are jointly optimized. In the high-SNR regime, the sum capacity of the non-coherent SIMO MAC is characterized and used to establish the SNR-scaling-law optimality of the proposed scheme. In the low-SNR regime, the sum-rate of the proposed scheme is found to decay linearly with vanishing SNR when flash signaling is incorporated. Furthermore, this linear decay is shown to be order-optimal through comparison to the low-SNR sum capacity of the non-coherent SIMO MAC. A by product of these SNR-asymptotic analyses is the observation that non-trivial scheduling (i.e., scheduling a strict subset of trained users) is advantageous at low SNR, but not at high SNR. The sum-rate and per-user throughput are also explored in the large-n and large-M regimes. Non-coherent capacity, training, multiple access channel, multiuser scheduling, opportunistic scheduling.     

A Low Complexity Resource Allocation Method for OFDMA System Based on Channel Gain

In orthogonal frequency division with multiple access (OFDMA) systems dynamic radio resource allocation improves overall performance by exploiting the multiuser diversity gains. A key issue in OFDMA is the allocation of the OFDM subcarriers and power among users sharing the channel. This paper proposes a new rate adaptive resource allocation scheme in the OFDMA downlink transmission system. Our proposed algorithm is based on the users’ sensitivity to the subcarrier allocation which means how frequency selective is the channel from the user’s perspective. As a result of frequency selectivity of the channel, different subchannels of the same user experience different levels of fade. However, how different they undergo fading could be measured by difference between maximum and minimum channel gain of that user. Our proposed method is based on difference between maximum channel gain and minimum channel gain for each user and uniform distribution of power among subcarriers. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves higher capacity over fixed TDMA method, and reported suboptimal methods with acceptable rate proportionality.     

Performance analysis of adaptive loading OFDM under Rayleigh fading

In this paper, we investigate the performance of adaptive loading orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) under Rayleigh fading with maximal ratio-combining (MRC) diversity at the receiver. We assume that channel-state information is available at both the transmitter and the receiver. Closed-form expressions for the lower bound on the average capacity of OFDM transmission under Rayleigh fading are provided for ideal MRC diversity. Simple approximate expressions for the average capacity of the Rayleigh-fading channel are also provided for the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) case. In the second part of this paper, a maximum-rate adaptive-loading strategy is derived for uncoded quadrature-amplitude-modulation modulated OFDM. Simple lower bound expressions and high-SNR approximations are provided for the average spectral efficiency of the maximum-rate adaptive-loaded uncoded OFDM under Rayleigh-fading channel conditions. According to the results, the performance of the uncoded adaptive-loading OFDM is about 8.5 dB inferior to the capacity bound at 10/sup -5/ symbol error probability under frequency-selective Rayleigh fading.