硬质合金PA30高速深磨过程中声发射信号特征的变化研究

在硬脆难加工材料硬质合金PA30高速深磨声发射实验中,随着工件速度和磨削切削深度增加,声发射信号特征参数均方根（AE_RMS）和磨削力变大;随着砂轮速度增大,AE_RMS和磨削力减小。磨削力和AE_RMS有相同的变化趋势。硬质合金PA30高速深磨AE频谱的能量在100~600kHz的频段比较集中,其AE信号频谱的能量与频率范围明显高于低速浅切磨削。      

冲压过程中冲压速度对声发射信号幅度的影响

冲压速度对冲压成形工艺影响很大,为此利用声发射技术来检测不同速度下的冲压过程。以不同速度下的冲压过程产生的声发射信号幅度为研究对象,研究两者之间的关系。结果表明,冲压速度对冲压成形过程中产生的声发射信号幅度影响非常大。即随着速度的增大,声发射信号幅度随之增大。     

锆金属拉伸的声发射特性

通过锆材拉伸过程的声发射测试,研究了锆金属拉伸过程中的声发射参数和频率特性。研究结果表明,通道撞击等参数能较好地表征锆金属拉伸过程不同阶段的损伤状况,拉伸过程中声发射信号频率约0～500 kHz,中心频率约为130 kHz。研究结果对锆制压力容器现场声发射检测和监测具有重要的参考意义。     

电梯钢丝绳拉伸过程中的声发射特征

采用声发射技术对电梯钢丝绳拉伸过程进行监测,获取钢丝绳断丝信号,并对断丝信号进行参数分析和波形分析。试验结果表明:声发射检测技术能很好地定性辨识断丝信号。断丝信号具有高幅值高能量的特点,信号幅值在80~100 dB之间或绝对能量在2×10~6 mV·s以上的信号可定性认定为断丝信号。通过对具有这些特征的信号进行统计,可对钢丝绳断丝情况定量计算,从而推断出钢丝绳的剩余强度。钢丝绳断丝信号为突发型信号,对信号进行快速傅里叶变换可得知断丝信号的频率主要分布在0~220 kHz之间,且在25~50 kHz之间有明显的能量峰值。     

射流冲击特性与声发射信号的试验研究

为了研究水射流破岩增透能力,提高射流特性,基于声发射检测技术,从微观角度研究了射流冲击信号在岩体内部传播过程中的衰减规律。搭建了射流冲击试验平台,分别以不同的射流参数为研究对象,采集了多个位置的声发射信号。并对冲击振动噪声信号应用小波降噪和频谱分析法,进行了信号处理和分析。结果表明:纯水射流在压力10 MPa～30 MPa逐渐增加时,振动频率主要分布在1 kHz～80 kHz内,振幅比较大。当喷嘴口径0.4 mm～1.0 mm逐渐变大时,不同距离的振幅均增加;随着冲击距离的增加,而声振信号的幅值先变大,距离0.25 m后逐渐衰弱,功率谱密度(PSD)先稳定后均匀衰减。     

起重机梁活性缺陷的声发射信号特征

探讨起重机梁缺陷的声发射信号特征和发展规律。采用模拟梁加载试验,获得梁上人工裂纹萌发和扩展过程的声发射信号。通过经验模式分解方法分析出不同载荷和裂纹扩展过程的声发射频率特征。结果表明,起重机梁活性缺陷声发射信号为突发性信号,每一事件声发射所含频率成分复杂。一般裂纹萌发时的声发射信号频率较低;随着裂纹的发展,频率逐渐增高,缺陷频率范围约为25～160 kHz。该研究为起重机械活性缺陷的声发射检测技术提供了理论基础。     

单颗粒金刚石磨削花岗岩的声发射信号特征

通过测量单颗粒金刚石磨削花岗岩表面时的声发射信号和磨削沟槽的截面积，分析了声发射信号均方根值ＡＥｒｍｓ峰值分布，与矿物成份和磨削过程的关系。研究结果表明，声发射信号与磨削深度，岩石种类和矿物种类等因素有关，岩石磨削裂纹的形成方式，决定了声发射信号的特征，并提供了岩石可锯性的情况。     

异种钢接头热影响区裂纹扩展声发射特征信号分析

文中以P92钢与Ni基焊材焊接热影响区为研究对象,通过采集紧凑拉伸试验过程中异种钢接头热影响区启裂及裂纹扩展的声发射特性信号,分析裂纹扩展的声发射信号幅值、频率分布、能量及振铃计数等特征参数,同时分析声发射特征信号与断口形貌之间的对应关系。结果表明：裂纹扩展声发射信号均为突发型信号,频率主要集中在50～200 kHz;裂纹稳定扩展的声发射信号具有平均幅值较低、总能量和振铃计数率参数变化平缓的特点;裂纹失稳扩展的声发射信号具有平均幅值较高、总能量和振铃计数率参数呈瞬时增加的特点;裂纹稳定扩展阶段的声发射特征信号与韧性断口特征相对应;裂纹失稳扩展阶段的声发射特征信号与准解理断裂或解理断裂特征相对应。     

SPCC钢动态摩擦与塑性变形声发射信号对比分析

金属板材在塑性加工中不可避免产生摩擦。利用声发射技术检测塑性加工的摩擦状况。以SPCC钢在单向拉伸与相对运动速度为100mm/min、正压力为7.5 kg的动态摩擦过程产生的声发射信号为研究对象,采用参数关联分析方法对两种信号进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,在相同采集的条件下有①摩擦声发射幅度与拉伸声发射幅度相差不大。②幅度相同时的摩擦声发射能量值比拉伸过程产生的声发射能量值要大得多;而摩擦声发射振铃计数值却小于拉伸声发射振铃计数值。③动态摩擦过程产生的声发射信号的持续时间在从很低到8 000μs这一范围;而拉仲过程声发射信号的持续时间一般低于5 800μs,仅当出现裂纹或断裂时才出现更高的持续时间的声发射信号。     

基于声发射技术的金属马氏体相变检测方法

提出了一种基于声发射技术的金属材料马氏体相变检测方法,采用时域和频域分析法对激光表面淬火工艺中产生的声发射信号展开分析,提取了声发射信号的平均值与RMS值（均方根值）并进行快速傅里叶变换。结果表明,当发生马氏体相变时,声发射信号能量的平均值与RMS值均出现显著增加;声发射信号的FFT变换在100~300 kHz的频率范围内幅值成分强度显著增加,频谱“重心”后移,可见激光表面淬火工艺中的马氏体相变特征能够成功地从声发射信号中提取出来。     

声发射技术在砂轮回转实验破碎识别中的应用

采用一种新型砂轮破碎状态信号检测方法——声发射（AE）技术,通过采集环境背景、空转、空载和负载AE信号,并对信号进行时频域研究。对比砂轮破碎后和破碎前AE信号特征,时域信号特征电压值增大了2.5倍、能量谱峰值增大了4倍、均方根值（RMS）增加了1.17倍,频域信号经快速傅里叶转换（FFT）后得到了一个高频电压信号。研究结果表明:声发射技术优于目前常用的振动法、音量法和光电法,更适合用于砂轮回转实验破碎识别。      

压力容器密封失效泄漏声发射检测

主要通过介绍两台压力容器密封失效泄漏的声发射检测案例,分析了压力容器密封失效泄漏时声发射信号特性。检测结果显示当泄漏介质为液体时,密封失效泄漏信号为幅度较低的连续型信号,中心频率约为10～50 kHz;当泄漏介质为气体时,泄漏信号为幅度较高突发型信号占优的混合型信号,中心频率约为100～400 kHz,此类信号能通过时差定位方法实现定位。检测结果为类似压力容器泄漏声发射检测提供了参考。     

Interface fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings investigated by indentation test and acoustic emission technique

Interface fracture toughness and fracture mechanisms of plasma-/sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were investigated by interfacial indentation test (IIT) in combination with acoustic emission (AE) measurement. Critical load and AE energy were employed to calculate interface fracture toughness. The critical point at which crack appears at the interface was determined by the IIT. AE signals produced during total indentation test not only are used to investigate the interface cracking behavior by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and wavelet transforms but also supply the mechanical information. The result shows that the AE signals associated with coating plastic deformation during indentation are of a more continuous type with a lower characteristic frequency content (30-60 kHz), whereas the instantaneous relaxation associated with interface crack initiation produces burst type AE signals with a characteristic frequency in the range 70-200 kHz. The AE signals energy is concentrated on different scales for the coating plastic deformation, interface crack initiation and interface crack propagation. Interface fracture toughness calculated by AE energy was 1.19 MPam_1/2 close to 1.58 MPam_1/2 calculated by critical load. It indicates that the acoustic emission energy is suitable to reflect the interface fracture toughness.     

断续磨削表面烧伤机理与在线监测方法研究

目的 研究断续磨削烧伤机理和声发射在线监测方法,避免产品磨削加工烧伤现象.方法 基于平面磨削温度场理论和镜像热源方法,建立一种断续磨削工件边缘的温度场模型,基于该模型可对断续磨削烧伤机理进行研究.为验证上述模型的有效性,通过正交实验设计不同断续磨削工况实验,利用红外热成像仪和声发射信号对断续磨削区温度进行在线监测,使用酸洗法和巴克豪森噪声检测仪对磨削后工件表面进行烧伤检测验证,通过对声发射信号的小波包能量求解,建立其与磨削区温度之间的关系.结果 该模型可有效反映断续磨削时工件边缘处磨削区温度场分布情况.计算结果表明,断续磨削工件断口边缘比其他位置磨削区温度更高,且更容易引起烧伤.实验表明,声发射信号的小波包变换总能量与磨削区呈一定相关性,基于声发射信号可对断续磨削烧伤实施在线监测.结论 实验结果证明了该模型对断续磨削烧伤机理分析的有效性,以及利用声发射信号对断续磨削烧伤在线监测的可行性.最后针对某一转向螺母产品实际断续磨削加工烧伤进行在线监测应用,实践结果表明,该方法比传统酸洗烧伤检测更加高效环保,对实现磨削加工烧伤检测自动化和智能化具有重要意义.     

Fatigue crack propagation of super duplex stainless steel with dispersed structure and time-frequency analysis of acoustic emission

The fatigue crack propagation of super duplex stainless steel was investigated for the effect of various volume fractions of the austenite phase by changing the heat treatment temperature. We also analyzed acoustic emission signals obtained during the fatigue crack propagation by the time-frequency analysis method. As the temperature of the heat treatment increased, the volume fraction of austenite decreased and coarse grain was obtained. The specimen treated at 1200 had a longer fatigue life and slower rate of crack growth. Results of time-frequency analysis of acoustic emission signals during the fatigue test showed the main frequency of 200-300 kHz to have no correlation with heat treatment and crack length, and the 500 kHz signal to be due to dimples and separation of inclusion.     

基于比磨削能的聚晶金刚石磨削机理研究

本文基于试验所测定的聚晶金刚石（PCD）比磨削能u与磨削工艺参数的关系,结合所观查的对应磨削表面微观形貌,研究了磨削机理与比磨削能的关系。结果表明：比磨削能u值小即u〈25000J／mm^3时,PCD材料磨削机理为疲劳脆性去除;比磨削能u值较大即25000J／mm^3≤u〈120000J／mm^3时,PCD材料磨削机理为随着比磨削能u值的增大,疲劳脆性去除的比例减少、机械热量除及热化学去除的比例增大;比磨削能u值很大,即us≥120000j／mm^3时,PCD材料磨削机理为机械热去除及热化学上除、基本不发生疲劳脆性去除。     

Quantification of metallic coating failure on carbon fiber reinforced plastics using acoustic emission

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic substrates were subsequently coated with an electrochemically applied nickel and an electroplated copper layer. The coating-substrate system was loaded in four-point bending and the acoustic emission from coating failure was recorded during loading. The acoustic emission signals were analyzed using pattern recognition and frequency analysis techniques. This approach yields three distinguishable types of acoustic emission signals, which are correlated to three different failure mechanisms: i) nickel cracking ii) copper cracking and iii) delamination between the two coating layers. To confirm the correlation between the types of acoustic emission signals and the respective failure mechanisms and to assess the validity of the acoustic emission method to describe mechanical failure, the micro-mechanical fracture energies released during mechanical loading were calculated based on microscopic measurements of the crack progress utilizing scanning electron microscopy and scanning acoustic microscopy. These energies were compared to the associated acoustic emission signals energy for each failure mechanism. We found the calculated micro-mechanical energy values to be proportional to the measured accumulated acoustic emission energy of the associated acoustic emission signal type. We conclude that the reported failure classification method offers the possibility to compare fracture toughness values in multilayered coatings with multiple failure types, derived solely from acoustic emission energies.     

A study on ELID ultra precision grinding of optical glass with acoustic emission

ELID grinding of BK7 glass and Zerodur was investigated using acoustic emission. Experiments showed that the contacting area between the wheel and workpiece in a grinding process was critical to influence wheel loading for a fine grit size resin-bonded cup wheel. ELID can be used for efficient material removal when the wheel/workpiece contacting area is large. Correlations were observed between the dressing intensity on the ELID wheel and the detected AE signals. Aggressive ELID dressing parameters for grinding with finer grit size wheels corresponded to a lower AE level. With an increase in the processing time of an ELID wheel, low and stable AE amplitudes became large with fluctuations due to the deterioration of the grinding wheel. Results indicate that the AE sensing technique has the potential to be adopted as an effective method for monitoring an ultra precision grinding process, identifying the condition of the grinding wheel and investigating the mechanism of ELID grinding.     

四点弯曲条件下热障涂层断裂模式的声发射表征

采用声发射技术实时监测喷涂态8% Y₂O₃稳定的ZrO₂（8YSZ）在四点弯曲载荷下的损伤断裂行为。采用特征参数分析、聚类分析和小波包变换分析声发射信号结合涂层的微观形貌和应力状态,从而推测出热障涂层系统的失效形式。结果表明：内弯和外弯两种加载模式下,均各有4种失效行为。宏观断裂对应的剥落信号无明显频带,而基底变形、表面垂直裂纹、张开型界面裂纹和剪切型界面裂纹信号对应的主频带可清晰区分为：0~156.25 kHz、156.25~234.375 kHz、312.625~390.625 kHz和390.625~468.75 kHz。热障涂层在外弯载荷下,表面垂直裂纹不断出现,随后扩展到粘结层-陶瓷层界面处并转化为张开型界面裂纹;而在内弯载荷下,则在粘结层-陶瓷层界面附近产生剪切型界面裂纹,仅出现少量的表面垂直裂纹。两种界面裂纹均会引起热障涂层的宏观裂纹和剥落。