MnAl粉体微波吸收特性的研究

采用电弧熔炼和高能球磨以及回火热处理工艺制备了Mn55Al45合金粉体,使用SEM、XRD和网络矢量分析仪分析了球磨时间和回火温度对Mn55Al45合金微粉的形貌、相结构及吸波性能的影响。结果表明：随球磨时间增加,粉体中Al2Mn3和Al11Mn14的相对含量会随之而增加;粉体的复介电常数虚部、复磁导率虚部的共振峰频率和吸收峰频率都随球磨时间的增加而逐渐向低频移动,球磨18 h的粉体有很好的频宽效果; 球磨24 h时,反射率峰值在16 GHz处达到 -28 dB。随回火温度的增加,粉体中的Al2Mn3增多,球磨 18 h后和 经400 ℃回火处理的粉体,在 6 GHz～ 18 GHz频段内有较好的综合吸波性能。在吸波涂层厚度d=2.0 mm 下, 400 ℃回火处理的粉体在17 GHz频率处具有最小反射率值为-26.4 dB。     

随机分布Fe纳米线复合材料的吸波性能

在具有纳米级孔洞的多孔氧化铝模板上,用电沉积方法制备出α-Fe纳米线有序阵列组装膜.用10%NaOH将纳米线溶液解离,并使之与树脂混合均匀,制成随机分布Fe纳米线/绝缘体复合吸波材料,并对其吸波性能进行了研究.研究结果表明:随铁纳米线体积分数的提高,随机分布的Fe纳米线/绝缘体复合吸波材料的电磁参数也随之增大;用测试电磁参数计算了不同厚度的反射率,体积分数为25%随机分布的铁纳米线/绝缘体的复合吸波材料最佳吸收厚度为1.14 mm;在9.7 GHz时,反射率达-45 dB,小于-5 dB时,反射率带宽达到9 GHz;随铁纳米线/绝缘体的复合吸波材料厚度的增加,吸收峰位向低频移动;随铁纳米线体积分数的增加,其吸收率明显增大,同时最佳吸收厚度也减小.     

Microwave absorbing properties of La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 nano-particles

La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 nano-particles were synthesized by sol-gel process, and the crystal structure and morphology＇ were characterized by XRD and SEM, respectively. The complex permittivity and permeability were determined by microwave vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz. The relationship between reflection coefficient and microwave frequency of La0.8Ba0.2 MnO3 was calculated based on measured data. The results show that the average diameter of La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 crystal powders is about 80 nm and the crystal structure is perovskite when being calcined at 800 ℃ for 2 h. The microwave absorbing peak is 13 dB at 6.7 GHz and the effective absorbing bandwidth above 10 dB reaches 1.8 GHz for the sample with the thickness of 2.6 mm. The microwave absorption can be attributed to both the dielectric loss and the magnetic loss from the loss tangents of the sample, but the former is greater than the latter.     

Microwave absorbing properties of Ag-coated Ni-Zn ferrite microspheres prepared by electroless plating

This investigation presents an electromagnetic radiation absorptive composition comprising Ag-coated ferrite microspheres dispersed in a silicone rubber matrix for use as a thin microwave absorber in GHz frequencies. Ni-Zn ferrite microspheres with an average diameter of 50 μm were prepared by spray-drying and sintering at 1130 °C. A conductive Ag layer was coated on the ferrite spheres by electroless plating. Uniform Ag coating can be obtained using the plating solution with a high AgNO₃ concentration. For particle compacts of the conductive Ni-Zn ferrite spheres, electrical resistance is reduced to as low as 10⁻² Ω. Rubber composites containing the Ag-plated ferrite spheres exhibit a high value of both real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity, while the complex permeability spectrum is not significantly changed with Ag plating. Due to the conductive and magnetic property of the microspheres, matching thickness can be reduced to as low as 2 mm at the frequency of 7.6 GHz, which is much thinner than non-coated ferrite absorbers.     

Microwave absorbing mechanism of soft magnetic alloy Fe85Si2Al6Cr7

The powders of amorphous nanocrystalline Fe85Si2Al6Cr7 were prepared by high energy ball milling for different times, and measured by XRD and network analyzer. The results show that： 1） nanocrystalline microstructure remarkably improves the microwave permeability, and the permittivity is controlled effectively; 2） by adding proper dyeing auxiliary （such as copper phthalocyanine）, the magnetic properties of powders are improved when the particle sizes milled are excessively small.     

Microstructure and properties of surface-modified tungsten powders mechanically activated in different media

The results of an experimental-theoretical study of the effect of thin-film coatings on residual microstrains, microstresses, and local microdistortions of the atomic structure of powder tungsten mechanically activated in the centrifugal ball mill have been presented. It has been shown that microdistortions of the crystal structure of different system-hierarchical levels arise in the surface-oxidized powders, which increase with an increase in the time of the activation process. It has been shown that this should lead to a significant increase in the reactivity of the mechanically activated powder tungsten. In contrast, the adsorption films that plasticize the near-surface layer of particles can decrease the efficiency of the mechanoactivation process of the tungsten powder.     

Microstructure and properties of plasma-sprayed bio-coatings on a low-modulus titanium alloy from milled HA/Ti powders

New composite hydroxyapatite/titanium (HA/Ti) coatings were fabricated by plasma spraying on Ti–24Nb–4Zr–7.9Sn alloy from milled precursor powders. The microstructures, mechanical properties and apatite-induction abilities of the coatings were investigated, and the influences of the initial HA/Ti ratios on microstructure and properties were highlighted. XRD, SEM and TEM were used to analyze the microstructures of the coatings. The micro-hardness and elastic modulus were determined by indentation tests and the bond strength was determined by tensile tests. The apatite-induction ability of the coatings was evaluated in simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations similar to those of human blood plasma. The results showed that the microstructure, mechanical properties and apatite-induction ability were dependent on the HA/Ti ratios of the original powders. The mechanical properties increased, and the apatite-induction ability decreased with increasing Ti content. Various chemical reactions occurred during the preparation of the coatings, including the decomposition of HA, the reaction between HA and Ti and the oxidization of Ti, which resulted in the formation of new phases, such as CaTiO₃, Ca₃(PO₄)₂, TiP_x and titanium oxides in the different coatings. These new phases play an important role for the mechanical properties and the apatite-induction ability of the coatings.     

Electromagnetic parameters and microwave-absorption properties for the mixtures of mechanically milled spherical and flaky carbonyl iron powders

The electromagnetic parameters were measured for the mixtures of mechanical milled carbonyl iron powders (CIPs) with different mass ratios of spheroid-like particles to flake-shape particles. The results indicate that mixing the sphere-like CIP particles with flake-shaped CIPs can be used to adjust effectively the electromagnetic parameters and enhance the absorption property in high frequency. In addition, a theoretic simulation based on the principle of superposition was carried out and compared with the microwave measurement results, indicating that the simple principle of superposition can not reflect truly the internal interaction mechanism in the composites with different particle shapes.     

Microwave properties of powders produced by high-energy milling of iron with paraffin

The structural and phase composition and magnetostatic and microwave properties of powders produced by simultaneous milling of carbonyl iron and paraffin taken in volume ratios ranging from 10 : 90 to 80 : 20 have been studied. It has been shown that the shape of the powder particles depends substantially on the amount of Fe in the mixture. At an Fe content of 30 vol %, the particles acquire a platelet shape; at an Fe content of more than 40 vol %, the agglomeration of the particles is observed. At an Fe content above 30 vol %, the Fe₃C phase is formed in the particles, which leads to an increase in the coercive force and a decrease in the specific saturation magnetization of the powder. The frequency dependences of the microwave magnetic and dielectric permeabilities of the composite materials containing the prepared powders have been measured, and the frequency dependences of the intrinsic magnetic permeability of these powders have been determined. It has been shown that the static magnitude of the intrinsic magnetic permeability reaches a maximum in powders containing 30 vol % Fe in the initial mixture.     

Characteristics of Fe powders prepared by spray pyrolysis from various types of Fe precursors as a heat pellet material

Aggregated Fe powders comprising elongated and aggregated particles used in the production of heat pellets for application in thermal batteries were prepared by spray pyrolysis. Iron oxide powders comprising dense and hollow particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis from spray solutions containing various types of Fe precursors. Iron oxide powders prepared from iron chloride and iron nitrate precursors were comprised of spherical and micron-sized particles. On the other hand, iron oxide powders prepared from iron oxalate were comprised of large, hollow, and thin-walled particles. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of iron oxide powders prepared from iron chloride, iron nitrate, and iron oxalate precursors were 17.5, 71.9, and 78.5 m² g⁻¹, respectively. At a low reduction temperature of 550 °C, iron oxide powders prepared from iron oxalate afforded loosely aggregated Fe powders comprised of elongated and loosely aggregated particles, with a BET surface area of 5.9 m² g⁻¹. The heat pellets prepared from Fe powders reduced at 550 °C and composed of fine primary powders had an ignition sensitivity of 0.9 W and a burn rate of 10 cm s⁻¹.     

Amorphization and magnetic properties of Fe62Nb38 mechanically alloyed powders

The amorphization and magnetic properties of Fe62Nb38 mechanically alloyed powders were investigated. In the initial mechanical alloying processes, the lattice structure of pure Fe is destroyed due to the cold-welding and fracturing, accompanying the reduction of ferromagnetic properties. The Ms value of Fe62Nb38 powders with ball-milling time t=6 h is only 48.1 A.m^2/kg. With prolongating of mechanical alloying processes, a solid state amorphization reaction (SSAR) takes place and the Fe-Nb ferromagnetic amorphous phase is formed. With the milling time increasing from 6 to 18 h, the saturation magnetization of Fe62Nb38 powders increases with enhancement of the proportion of ferromagnetic amorphous phase in milled powders. The Ms value of the Fe62Nb38 amorphous powders is 98 A.m^2/kg, which is very close to the value estimated from dilute model. However, the Curie temperature of the Fe62Nb38 amorphous phase is only 206℃, which is much smaller than that of the pure Fe. This implies that the exchange interaction between Fe atoms in amorphous alloyed Fe62Nb38 becomes weak due to the Nb dilution. Investigation shows that the variation of magnetic properties of milled powders is one of important tools for describing the amorphization by mechanical alloying.     

高能球磨Ti/Al粉末挤压固结致密过程数值分析

基于高能球磨过程中粉末的大塑性变形行为的分析，推导了球磨粉体的本构方程，并针对球磨Ti／Al粉末的挤压过程进行了有限元模拟。分析结果表明，随着球磨时间的延长，粉末固结致密难度增加，所需挤压力显著增大。该趋势和模拟数值均与挤压实验结果基本一致，验证了所推导的球磨粉体本构方程的合理性。     

Thermal stability and magnetic saturation of annealed nickel-tungsten and tungsten milled powders

Crystal structures, microstructures and magnetic saturation of annealed pure W powder along with W-40 wt.% Ni powder mixtures processed by high-energy ball milling were investigated using XRD, DTA, SEM and saturation magnetization techniques. Thermally induced transformations occurred at low temperature annealing. Supersaturated metastable Ni(W) solid solution formed during mechanical milling decomposed during annealing treatment into FCC Ni-rich, FCC W-rich phases and an eta-type phase which was constituted of BCC lattice of W enveloped by two FCC lattices of Ni and W. The structures of the major annealing products were close to Ni₁₀W and W₃Ni₂. The magnetic saturation of the milled W powder and W-Ni mixtures decreased with the increase in annealing temperature. Milling time was more influential on the magnetic properties of the annealed pure W powders.     

Magnetically-triggered heating of Fe–Al powders

Powders of Fe and Al with a 3:2 atomic ratio were mechanically milled for either 1 or 2 h and subsequently subjected to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) to evaluate their heating. The microstructures of both the milled and heated powders were characterized using X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results show that the milled powders consisted of fine intermixed Fe and Al layers. These were found to be susceptible to heating in an AMF, and underwent a significant heat output (21.3 kJ mol^?1) around 400 °C, corresponding to the reaction between the Fe and Al layers to form B2-structured FeAl. The temperature increase depended on the square of the field strength and the frequency of the AMF. By using a Kissinger analysis of the exothermic peaks obtained in a DSC at different heating rates, the activation energy for the formation of FeAl was found to be 67 ± 10 kJ mol^?1.     

Structure,magnetostatic properties,and microwave characteristics of mechanoactivated nanocrystalline Fe and Fe-Si powders

The effect of the chemical composition and structural and morphological features of Fe and Fe₈₇Si₁₃ powders milled in an inert atmosphere of Ar and a 3% solution of oleic acid in heptane (H + OA) on the magnetostatic and microwave properties has been studied in this work. Irrespective of the milling medium, all the samples were nanocrystalline. The powder particles obtained in Ar have a stonelike shape; those obtained in H + OA, have a platelike (flaky) shape. The effect of the particle shape manifested itself in the processes of magnetization and in the qualitative and quantitative type of the frequency dependences of the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability in a frequency range from 0.1 to 3 GHz.     

Fe-Si-Al系合金粉微波吸收特性

采用扁平化工艺以及绝缘包覆工艺对铁硅铝系软磁合金粉末进行改性。对实验样品进行扫描电镜分析,观察颗粒形貌对材料性能的影响;探讨球磨时间以及不同绝缘介质含量对于材料电磁性能的影响规律。根据单层吸波材料(含导电衬底)对电磁波的反射率公式的分析以及对不同样品反射率的计算可知,球磨扁平化工艺以及绝缘包覆工艺可有效地改善铁硅铝金属粉末的微波吸收性能。经改性后的铁硅铝系软磁金属粉末在1.0~3.5 GHz频段具有较好的吸波性能,可应用于抗电磁干扰领域。     

Transformation and alloying mechanisms in sub-stoichiometric titanium carbonitrides - tungsten high energy ball milled powders

The transformations occurring in the sub-stoichiometric Ti(C,N) - W system processed by high energy ball mill were investigated. The transformation stages and mechanisms of alloying are discussed with respect to the changes in crystal structures of the powder constituents. The milling atmosphere had an effect on the lattice strain of milled products, and hence on the kinetics of solid state dissolution between the powder constituents, but it did not affect the fracturing process. The release of the stored crystallite lattice strain energy was the major determinant in mechanical alloying, with particle size reduction playing a necessary, but less significant role.     

热处理温度对纳米晶Ni0.35Zn0.65Fe2O4吸波性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶自燃烧法制备了Ni0.35 Zn0.65 Fe2 O4纳米晶,将其分别在550、800和1050℃下热处理2 h,利用XRD、VSM以及微波矢量网络分析仪对产物的晶体结构、电磁性质及其在GHz波段的吸波性能进行了表征.结果表明,自燃烧后即已形成尖晶石相;随着热处理温度的升高,平均粒径从25 nm增至52 nm,均为单畴颗粒.在0.1～1.5 GHz的测试频率范围内,热处理后的纳米晶样品的比饱和磁化强度和矫顽力随温度的升高而增加,从而提高了其自然共振频率,拓宽了其吸收频带.热处理后样品的ε'、ε"、tgδe以及μ'、μ"、tgδm值均随热处理温度的升高而增大,其中以1050℃下热处理样品的电损耗和磁损耗性质最佳,其μ'值大于1.6,且随频率的升高而降低;μ"值大于1.0,且随频率的升高而增大,频率特性良好,在所测频段内是一种理想的电磁波吸收材料.     

Cr含量对Er2Fe17-xCrx合金相结构与微波吸收性能的影响

采用非自耗电弧熔炼炉制备了Er₂Fe_17-xCr_x(x=0、1、2、3、4)合金,借助X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和网络矢量分析仪（VNA）研究了Cr的加入量对Er₂Fe₁₇合金相结构及微波吸波性能的影响。结果表明,x=0、1、2时,合金主要由单相Er₂Fe₁₇组成;继续增加Cr的含量,当x=3、4时,合金由Er₂Fe₁₇和Er₆Fe₂₃两相组成。当吸波涂层厚度d=2 mm时,Er₂Fe_17-xCr_x（x=0、1、2、3、4）合金的最小吸收峰值在9、13、14.5、15.8和16.8 GHz处分别达到－17.5、－20、－39.2、－17和－15 dB;吸收峰频率随着Cr含量的增加,向高频方向移动。随着吸波涂层厚度的增加,Er₂Fe₁₄Cr₃试样的吸收峰频率向低频方向移动,吸收峰值先减小后增大,最佳匹配条件出现在d=2 mm处。     

磁场热处理对磁性吸波材料微波吸收特性的影响

采用高能球磨及热处理方法制备Nd11.76Fe82.36B5.88和Nd11.76Fe77.36Cr5B5.88粉体,借助X射线衍射仪和矢量网络分析研究磁场热处理对粉体组织结构和微波吸收特性的影响。结果发现:在热处理过程中,加入磁场可以促进Nd11.76Fe82.36B5.88粉体各铁磁性相和非铁磁性相的晶粒长大,使Nd11.76Fe82.36B5.88粉体反射率的最小值从普通热处理粉体的-14 dB降低到-24.3 dB,Nd11.76Fe77.36Cr5B5.88粉体的反射率最小值从普通热处理粉体的-30.5 dB降低到-48 dB;磁场热处理使Nd11.76Fe82.36B5.88和Nd11.76Fe77.36Cr5B5.88粉体的吸波带变窄,且在微波损耗过程中,磁损耗作用增大,而介电损耗作用减弱。