铸态合金组织分析：第三讲 铸态合金的组织分析方法

前两讲介绍了组织组成物的特征及分布,这一讲将讨论如何根据组成物的特征和分布分析组织.1 组织组成物的观察分析合金组织,首先要在显微镜下对试样进行观察,观察的结果是分析组织的依据.所以观察很重要,必须认真、细心,使观察的结果真实.     

机械合金化Cu—9Ni—6Sn合金的时效

本文对机械合金化法制备的Ｃｕ－９Ｎｉ－６Ｓｎ合金的时效过程研究后发现，时效时发生调幅分解的临界温度为４００－４５０℃。时效前施加一定冷形变量能够加速合金时效强化过程的进程，而且还提高了时效后硬度值。     

高硼中碳合金工具钢的铸态组织

针对普通高速钢含有大量贵重合金元素的缺陷,设计了一种用廉价的硼元素部分取代普通高速钢中价格昂贵的铬、钨、钼、钒等合金元素的新型耐磨材料。借助光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等手段对高硼中碳合金工具钢的铸态组织进行了分析。结果表明:高硼中碳合金工具钢铸态组织由马氏体、少量残留奥氏体及Fe2B,Fe3(B,C),Fe23(B,C)6,Cr7(B,C)3和(W,Mo)2(B,C)等共晶硼碳化合物或硼化物组成。其基体和共晶硬质相的显微硬度分别为540～620HV和1180～1520HV,铸态宏观硬度达到55HRC。     

BeCu/Cu合金复合材料性能的研究

制备了BeCu/Cu合金复合材料,并对复合材料进行了不同温度和不同时间的时效热处理,通过力学性能和电学性能分析,研究了时效温度和时效时间对复合材料性能的影响.结果表明:经300℃/2h时效后,复合材料的硬度和极限抗拉强度都随时效温度的升高而降低,而电阻率在3h时效才降低.但是在400℃以上时效,电阻率随时效温度的升高而增大.合适的时效温度和时效时间有利于提高复合材料的综合性能.     

γMn—Cu合金在（γ＋α）亚稳互溶区时效过程Spinodal分解的热力学判据

根据亚规则溶液模型,进行锰铜二元系的热力学计算表明,γMn-Cu合金在（γ＋α）亚稳互溶区确实存在Spinodal分解,在400－600℃时效发生Spinodal分解的是浓度范围为60－90at%Mn的合金。与硬度法相比,采用测量尼尔点来确定Spinodal分解的区域较为可靠。     

时效强化Cu—Fe—P合金显微硬度的模糊预捌

在分析了冷变形时效工艺对Cu 2 .5Fe 0 .0 3P 0 .1Zn合金的显微硬度影响基础上 ,提出了一种基于模糊控制的该合金显微硬度预测模型。结果表明 ,在试验范围内 ,预测值与实测值的相对误差为± 5 % ,呈现出较好的吻合性     

稀土元素对AZ61镁合金铸态显微组织及结构的影响

运用金相显微镜、电子探针和X-ray等手段分析了AZ61合金添加稀土元素Ce后铸态显微结构的变化。结果表明，Ce的加入细化了β相和晶粒，并减少了β相的量。Ce在AZ61合金中以呈块状和杆状Al4Ce化合物的形式存在，这两种化合物熔点极高，几乎不溶于基体，有极少部分偏聚在晶界上。固溶处理后，AZ61合金中的β（Mg12Al17)相几乎全部溶入基体；而加入稀土Ce后，AZ61合金中的Al4Ce化合物几乎很少溶入基体。Ce的加入能够提高AZ61合金基体相的显微硬度，但幅度不大；而将其固溶处理后，Ce的显著提高了AZ61合金的显微硬度。     

Cu-0.7Cr-0.13Zr合金时效强化行为的研究

研究了不同时效工艺对Cu-0.7Cr-0.13Zr合金的硬度和导电性能的影响,利用透射电镜分析了合金的时效析出微观组织.研究表明:500℃时效6 h后硬度和电导率具有141HV和76%IACS,强度的提高主要是由扩展位错以及共格弥散析出所造成的;合金在550℃时效2 h硬度和电导率仍具有126HV和77%IACS,析出相仍较细小,但与基体失去共格关系;最佳时效工艺条件为500℃时效4～6 h,硬度为134～141HV,电导率达72%～76%IACS.     

Cavitation Erosion Behavior of as-Welded Cu12Mn8Al3Fe2Ni Alloy

Cavitation erosion behavior of as-welded Cu12Mn8Al3Fe2Ni alloy in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution was studied bymagnetostrictive vibratory device for cavitation erosion. The results show that the cavitation erosion resistance ofthe as-welded Cu12Mn8Al3Fe2Ni alloy is much more superior to that of the as-cast one. The cumulative mass lossand the mass loss rate of the as-welded Cu12Mn8Al3Fe2Ni alloy are almost 1/4 that of the as-cast one. SEM analysisof eroded specimens reveals that the as-cast Cu12Mn8Al3Fe2Ni alloy is attacked more severely than the as-weldedone. Microcracks causing cavitation damage initiate at the phase boundaries.     

ICP-AES内标法测定不锈钢中Cr、Ni、Cu、Mn

本文采用王水溶样,酸化水稀释,ICP-AES内标法快速测定不锈钢中Cr、Ni、Cu、Mn的含量。研究了溶液的酸度、基体浓度以及内标线选择,确定了试样分析的最佳工作条件。方法回收率99～115％,RSD2.6—6.3％。标准参考物的分析结果与推荐值基本一致。     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金时效组织与性能

为了研究时效工艺对Cu-0.3Cr-0.15Zr-0.05Mg合金显微组织及性能的影响,在时效温度400～650℃和时效时间1～11h条件下,得到时效工艺参数与硬度和电导率的曲面关系,并利用透射电镜分析合金时效后的微观形态和析出相.研究结果表明:合金固溶后470℃时效4 h,硬度和电导率可达HV108和45 S·m-1,析出相为Cr、Cu4Zr和有序的CrCu2(Zr,Mg)相;550℃时效1 h后硬度和电导率仍具有HV106和46.8 S·m-1,析出相完全转变为Cr和Cu4Zr.     

高强铸造铝铜合金显微组织与力学性能的研究

研究了T6态ZL205A合金的显微组织和高低温力学性能.结果表明:经过T6处理后的ZL205A合金主要由α固溶体和呈弥散质点状析出的二次T相组成,另外,在组织中还有少量的Al3Ti的偏析物和未完全溶解而残留在晶界上的Al2Cu相.通过测试T6态ZL205A合金在-100℃、-50℃、0℃、23℃、50℃、100℃、150℃、200℃、250℃和300℃下的拉伸性能,得出各温度点的抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和断面收缩率,并分析各力学性能指标随温度的变化规律,做出各温度点下的应力应变曲线.同时观察断口形貌,分析其断裂机制.     

Mechanical behaviour and microstructure of heat-treated Cu–Ni–Si alloy

ABSTRACT

Cu–Ni–Si alloys exhibit a good combination of strength and electrical conductivity and may be a potential candidate for utilisation in electrotechnical applications. In this work, the mechanical behaviour and its relation to the microstructure of a Cu–Ni–Si alloy, subjected to different solution heat treatment cycles, were investigated. Tensile, bend and hardness testing, in addition to Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy, were employed, as the main analytical techniques, in the context of the present investigation.

This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on Copper and its Alloys.     

Enhanced superelasticity of Cu‒Al‒Ni shape memory alloys with strong orientation prepared by horizontal continuous casting

The preparation of large-scale Cu‒Al‒Ni shape memory alloys with excellent microstructure and texture is a significant challenge in this field. In this study, large-scale Cu‒Al‒Ni shape memory alloy (SMA) slabs with good surface quality and strong orientation were prepared by the horizontal continuous casting (HCC). The microstructure and mechanical properties were compared with the ordinary casting (OC) Cu‒Al‒Ni alloy. The results showed that the microstructure of OC Cu‒Al‒Ni alloy was equiaxed grains with randomly orientation, which had no obvious superelasticity. The alloys produced by HCC had herringbone grains with strong orientation near〈1 0 0〉and the cumulative tensile superelasticity of 4.58%. The superelasticity of the alloy produced by HCC has been improved by 4‒5 times. This work has preliminarily realized the production of large-scale Cu‒Al‒Ni SMA slab with good superelasticity, which lays a foundation for expanding the industrial production and application of Cu-based SMAs.     

三价铈离子掺杂氯化钾的光致发光性能

采用水热蒸发法制备了KCl∶Ce3+荧光粉。测量并分析了材料在室温下的真空紫外激发光谱及相应的发射光谱。结果表明激发谱显示6个峰,峰位分别为149、194、206、219、233和251nm。其中149nm的激发峰是基质吸收引起的;194、206、219、233和251nm是Ce3+离子的4f→5d跃迁引起的。发射峰显示双峰结构,峰位分别是311和326nm。此峰对应于Ce3+离子的5d→4f(2F5/2,2F7/2)跃迁。     

Investigation on the mechanical properties and frictional performance of Ni–Cu–Si alloy

The microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and dry sliding behaviour of Ni–30Cu–xSi alloy have been investigated systematically. As the volume fraction of microscale second-phase particles and nanoscale precipitates increases, the hardness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of alloy are improved significantly but elongation is reduced. Through confocal laser scanning microscope and atomic force microscope, it is suggested that the wear mode changes from the mixture of abrasive and adhesive wear to single abrasive wear. Owing to the existence of netlike microscale second-phase particles which are more likely to split the matrix, the Ni–30Cu–5.5Si alloy exhibits an abnormal higher wear rate even with the highest hardness. The netlike structure which deteriorates the friction performance should be avoided in wear-resistant materials.     

Cr20Ni80电热合金电渣重熔数值模拟

采用ANSYS软件中的热电耦合单元,研究了电渣重熔过程中熔铸电流、冷却系数及渣池深度对金属熔池温度分布的影响。采用ProCAST软件中的CAFE模块模拟了铸锭的微观组织,并将模拟结果与实际实验的微观组织进行了对比。结果表明:随着电流的增加整体温度逐渐上升;随着冷却系数以及渣池深度的增加,熔池温度逐渐降低,熔池深度逐渐变浅。实际生产与软件模拟的Cr20Ni80电热合金组织都由表层细晶区、柱状晶区以及等轴晶区3部分组成,且晶粒大小相近,说明模拟结果与实验结果具有一定的吻合性。