聚合物制备工程陶瓷的研究概况

随着聚碳硅烷、聚硅氮烷、聚硅氧烷以及聚硅硼烷等先进前驱体材料的开发,由含硅陶瓷预制体聚合物制备的工程陶瓷在Si-O-C-N-B体系中占有重要的地位。耐高温的SiC和SiN陶瓷纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)已在航空、航天结构中获得应用,而耐中、低温的新型涂层、单向带,泡沫和复杂形状的构件在未来将在能源、环境、运输和通讯领域占有重要的地位。综述了陶瓷预制体聚合物的合成、聚合物制备陶瓷的性能、聚合物制备陶瓷的方法以及影响聚合物热解的主要因素。     

高强韧“聚合物陶瓷”涂层研究进展

重点综述了通过有机–无机复合增韧陶瓷涂层的方法,即可以将无机组分的高硬度、耐磨蚀等与有机组分的柔韧性、可调控性等相结合,最大限度地发挥两类材料的综合优势,制备出兼具类聚合物和类陶瓷性质的涂层,即“聚合物陶瓷”涂层。讨论了多功能“聚合物陶瓷”涂层的最新研究进展,并展望其发展趋势。     

陶瓷绘画元素融入陶瓷艺术设计的创新策略探究

陶瓷绘画元素包含有色彩、线条、材料与工艺等。陶瓷绘画元素与陶瓷艺术设计关系紧密,二者有辩证联系,相互独立又彼此依存,另外也有形式美的共同追求。文章在简要分析陶瓷绘画元素及其与陶瓷艺术设计关联的基础之上,着重从图案、色彩、线条、纹样及材料几个方面,探究陶瓷绘画元素融入陶瓷艺术设计的创新策略,以更好地服务于陶瓷艺术设计的发展。     

陶瓷含量对BCZT/PVTC复合铁电薄膜的调控及电热强度的影响

针对铁电聚合物材料电热制冷能力弱、需要高电场诱导极化等问题,在聚合物基体中引入高极化纳米陶瓷粉末,利用溶液浇铸法制备了陶瓷-聚合物复合铁电材料。通过微观结构表征、介电与铁电性能分析陶瓷掺杂量对复合材料整体性能的调控机制;利用唯象理论计算锆钛酸钡钙/聚偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯-氯氟乙烯(BCZT/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE))复合材料在室温下的绝热温变以及电热强度。结果表明：当陶瓷质量分数大于12%时,会影响聚合物基体分散的均匀性,导致纳米颗粒发生团聚,引起漏电流效应。界面电荷的贡献以及陶瓷颗粒分散在聚合物基体中作为电荷核产生局部电场,进一步促进内部偶极子的翻转。在不同的陶瓷质量分数的复合材料中,当陶瓷质量分数为9%时,复合材料的电热性能最优,在35℃、电场强度为48 MV·m^-1时表现出4.36 K的高绝热温度变化,其电热强度可达0.091 K·m·MV^-1。     

精细陶瓷的生产与应用

精细陶瓷又叫先进陶瓷、特种陶瓷、高性能陶瓷和高技术陶瓷。其可分为结构陶瓷和功能陶瓷两大类。结构陶瓷是指高机械强度、耐磨损、抗腐蚀和高温稳定性良好的材料；功能陶瓷是指应用于特种电气的材料、磁性材料、光学材料、化工材料和生物材料等。总之,精细陶瓷是指由精确控制的化学结构和精确设计的显微结构组成的,具有特殊的力学、光学、热学、化学、电学、磁学和声学等各种特性和功能的材料,是目前应用极为广泛的稀有材料。1精细陶瓷的发展过程表1精细陶瓷的发展过程(从Al2O3的含量变化来看)名称Al2O3(%)材料性能应用领域传统瓷0-10致密、脆性大、强度低日用瓷、卫生瓷耐火材料30多孔、强度低窑炉内衬工业瓷30-40致密、强度低化工产品75高铝瓷75致密、强度一般电子工业95商铝瓷95致密、强度较高电子、化学工业高致密、高强度、电子、机械、99高铝瓷不低于99耐腐蚀、抗磨损化工产品随着科学技术的发展,特别是20世纪50年代以来,高新技术产业的迅速崛起并发展壮大,传统陶瓷已越来越不能满足化工、冶金、能源、通信、电子学、生物工程、军事建设及航空航天等空间技术装备等发展所需的新材料--精细陶瓷。尽管精细陶瓷的整个发展史还不到一个世纪,但由于精细陶瓷的迅猛发展及其     

多孔陶瓷及其发展

概述了泡沫陶瓷,蜂窝陶瓷,微孔多孔陶瓷,介孔陶瓷及陶瓷膜材料等,对他们在固一液分离等领域中应用作了简要地介绍,最后提出了我国多孔陶瓷发展意见。     

精细陶瓷在建陶行业中的应用

1.精细陶瓷在国民经济中的地位国内外高技术领域均将新材料、信息和生物技术作为它们发展的三大支柱。新材料包括具有高性能、新用途和新效能的各种结构材料和功能材料,如精细陶瓷、碳纤维、工程塑料、无定形材料和精细化工制品等。因此世界各国均有自己的发展规划,如美国“脆性材料设计”等十大计划;日本的“日光计划”和“月光计划”;欧共体的“尤里卡计划”等。在国内由国家科委等部门组织的攻关项目计划,“863”计划及火炬计划等,对新材料包括精细陶瓷,都给予极大的关注,为逐步建立自己的产业体系而努力。     

压电材料的研究和应用现状

简要介绍了压电材料的发展历史,详细叙述了压电陶瓷、压电单晶、压电复合材料及压电聚合物的发展状况,并对压电材料对日常生活的影响及其目前的研究热点做了概括。     

陶瓷绘画元素融入陶瓷艺术设计的路径分析

陶瓷绘画具有表现形式多样、内容丰富等特点,将陶瓷绘画元素融入陶瓷艺术设计中,能够丰富陶瓷艺术设计手段,也能提升陶瓷艺术设计的审美价值。在分析阐述陶瓷绘画构成要素的基础上,论述了陶瓷绘画元素与陶瓷艺术设计的辩证关系;同时,提出了图案、色彩、线条、纹样以及绘画材料等陶瓷绘画元素融入陶瓷艺术设计的路径,从而为推动陶瓷艺术设计的创新发展提供参考。     

冲破传统塑料的超性能聚合物

相对于金属、陶瓷和热固性塑料，人们对热塑性材料提出了更苛刻的要求，同时也使得热塑性材料的性能变得更加多样化，产品种类和品级也被更进一步地细化，拓展了高性能聚合物的应用范围。[编者按]     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.