光栅致双折射引起偏振相关损耗的理论分析

应用耦合模理论,给出均匀布拉格光纤光栅在考虑光栅致双折射时的透射与反射系数的解析式,按照测量偏振相关损耗(PDL)的确定性与非确定性两种方法,推导出了均匀布拉格光纤光栅中偏振相关损耗的解析公式。理论分析表明,该公式能够准确分析弱双折射光纤或者各向同性光纤上写入的均匀布拉格光纤光栅的偏振相关损耗特性,同时数值模拟高双折射光纤上写入的均匀布拉格光纤光栅偏振相关损耗特性,得到的结果也与已有实验曲线相近。     

UV-Inscribed Optical Fiber Gratings in Mid-IR Range and Their Laser Applications

We have UV-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), long-period gratings (LPGs), and tilted fiber gratings (TFGs) into mid-IR 2m range using three common optical fiber grating fabrication techniques (two-beam holographic, phase mask, and point-by-point). The fabricated FBGs have been evaluated for thermal and strain response. It has been revealed that the FBG devices with responses in mid-IR range are much more sensitive to temperature than that in near-IR range. To explore the unique cladding mode coupling function, we have investigated the thermal and refractive index sensitivities of LPGs and identified that the coupled cladding modes in mid-IR range are also much more sensitive to temperature and surrounding medium refractive index change. The 45 tilted fiber gratings (45-TFGs) as polarizing devices in mid-IR have been investigated for their polarization extinction characteristics. As efficient reflection filters and in-cavity polarizers, the mid-IR FBGs and 45-TFGs have been employed in fiber laser cavity to realize multi-wavelength 2 m Tm-doped CW and mode locked fiber lasers, respectively.     

Bragg gratings in multimode and few-mode optical fibers

Bragg gratings in optical fibers in multimode propagation are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Bragg gratings formed in optical fibers in multimode propagation show multiple reflection peaks or multiple transmission dips in the reflection or transmission spectra, respectively. For standard graded-index multimode fiber, the number of reflection peaks of a Bragg grating depends on excitation condition of propagating modes. The number of reflection peaks of a Bragg grating at around 1.55 μm is 19 for highly multimode excitation and 3-4 for lower order mode excitation. We analyze the phase-matching conditions of the propagating modes and identify half of the reflection peaks as the reflection to the same mode and the rest as the reflection to the neighboring modes. In dispersion-shifted fiber, a Bragg grating at around 0.8 μm in three-mode propagation shows three reflection peaks in the reflection spectrum. The temperature dependence of each reflection peak is similar to that of a conventional Bragg grating in single-mode fiber. Polarization dependence measured on a Bragg grating in multimode graded-index fiber is negligible. An advantage of Bragg gratings in multimode fiber (MMF) and the applications are discussed     

Multi-parameter harsh environment sensing using asymmetric Bragg gratings inscribed by IR femtosecond irradiation

In this paper, we review our recent work on multi-parameter harsh environment sensing using asymmetric Bragg gratings inscribed by IR femtosecond irradiation, which includes the investigations of fiber Bragg gratings inscribed by graded-index silica multimode fibers and polarization maintaining (PM) single mode fibers. The unique features of this type of grating are: (1) formed by multi-photon ionization, this kind of grating can withstand temperature as high as 1000 °C, which makes it suitable for harsh environment sensing; (2) bending (or pressure, strain) and ambient temperature fluctuations affect the shapes of multiple transmission dips in different ways, which enables multi-parameter sensing capability. The principle of multi-parameter sensing of the multimode fiber gratings is based on the fact that multimode fiber gratings have multiple resonant dips in spectrum and the change of spectral shape is different for different types of perturbations (e.g., temperature and pressure). The main challenge of sensing using multimode fiber is that the shape of spectrum also depends on the excitation condition, which makes the analysis of the sensing data complicated. On the other hand, the PM single mode fiber supports only two linearly polarized modes, which results in two resonant dips in the transmission spectrum. Since measured parameters such as the temperature and bending affect the transmission spectrum of two dips in different ways, one can implement multi-parameter sensing in harsh environment using PM fiber. Note that it is much easier to analyze the data of two dips (in the case of PM fibers) instead of multiple dips (in the case of multimode fibers). Finally, we also investigate the ultra thin multimode and PM single mode harsh environment fiber gratings for multi-parameter sensing applications. After etching the most part of the cladding, both multimode and PM single mode fiber grating spectra become sensitive to ambient refractive index changes, and their sensitivity to bending and strain is also enhanced. This enables the application for multi-parameter chemical/bio and pressure sensing.     

Analysis of multiple wavelength DFB fiber lasers

The behavior of multiwavelength distributed feedback fiber lasers is simulated in a comprehensive numerical model. Multiple fundamental modes can coexist, even though the coupling coefficients of their respective refractive index gratings are not equal, due to induced dynamic gain gratings. We have investigated the effect on the lasing state of variations in coupling strengths, gain parameters, grating Bragg frequency separation, relative phase between the gratings, length of the structure relative to the beat lengths between the gratings, grating center phase-shift errors, and saturation level of the UV-induced refractive index change     

传输矩阵法求解长短周期级联光纤光栅传输谱

基于光纤光栅的模式耦合理论,用传输矩阵法对长短周期级联光纤光栅的传输谱特性进行分析。先由耦合模方程分别得到长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)、连接光纤段和短周期光纤光栅(FBG)的传输矩阵,然后将它们相乘得到总的传输矩阵,最后再结合边界条件求得长短周期级联光纤光栅(CLBG)的传输谱。进一步对CLBG的传输谱进行了数值模拟,并通过实验进行了验证。实验结果表明,CLBG的传输谱中出现了由纤芯模和包层模耦合形成的两个谐振峰,与模拟计算的结果一致,证明了传输矩阵法求解CLBG传输谱的可行性,为CLBG在多参量传感和测量领域的广泛应用提供了理论支持。     

Azimuthal mode discrimination in radially chirpedconcentric-circle-grating distributed feedback lasers

We report a theoretical investigation analyzing the threshold modes of a concentric-circle-grating (CCG) distributed feedback laser with a radially chirped first-order Bragg grating. A numerical coupled-mode analysis of a chirped CCG laser shows improved azimuthal mode discrimination for chirped gratings with linear, quadratic, and square-root radial dependence. Negatively chirped gratings, in which the grating period decreases with radius, result in improved threshold discrimination between the circularly symmetric fundamental mode and higher order modes; positively chirped gratings, in which the grating period increases with radius, result in decreased threshold for higher order modes in general. Also, the intensity for the fundamental mode at the grating center can be reduced by an order of magnitude using linearly chirped gratings     

Characteristics of Bragg Gratings in All-Solid Photonic Bandgap Fiber

We report on fiber Bragg gratings in all-solid photonie bandgap fiber that was composed of a triangular array of high-index Ge-doped rods in pure silica background with fluorine-doped index-depressed layer surrounding the Ge-doped rod. Fiber Bragg gratings were photowritten with 193 nm ArF excimer laser and characterized for their response to strain, temperature, bending, and torsion. These gratings couple light from the forward core mode to not only backward core mode but also backward rod modes. This results in multiple resonance peaks in the reflection spectrum. All resonance wavelengths exhibited the same temperature and strain response with coefficient similar to that of Bragg gratings in standard single-mode fiber. The strength of the resonance peaks corresponding to the backward rod modes showed high sensitivity to bending and torsion.     

多径衰落信道的分数布朗运动模型

本文旨在将分形理论引入多径衰落信道的研究,从非线性科学的角度出发建立了多径信道的分数布朗运动模型.通过探讨多径信号的增量统计分布、统计自相似性、广义功率谱和分形维数,揭示了多径衰落与分数布朗运动间的内在联系;指出信号的分维是描述无线信道传播特性的重要参数;在分形模型的基础上,对多径信号进行了重构.实验结果表明,无线信道的分数布朗运动模型比传统的随机模型能更有效地刻划和描述多径衰落的行为.     

Unified Approach for Coupling to Cladding and Radiation Modes in Fiber Bragg and Long-Period Gratings

Couplings of core mode to guided cladding and unguided radiation modes in fiber Bragg and long-period gratings are investigated by a unified approach based on complex mode matching method (CMMM). With the combination of the perfectly matched layer (PML) and the perfectly reflecting boundary (PRB), the continuous radiation modes can be well represented by a set of discrete complex modes so that simulation of coupling to radiation modes is greatly simplified and may be treated in the same fashion as guided modes. Numerical results of fiber Bragg and long-period gratings with refractive index of the outer cladding lower, equal, and higher than that of the inner cladding indicate that the unified approach is highly effective in the simulation of couplings to cladding and radiation modes.      

基于保偏光纤光栅的双波长掺铒光纤激光器

提出了一种基于保偏光纤(PMF)中布拉格光栅的波长间隔可调的可开关双波长掺铒光纤激光器(EDFL)。由于和光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)两个反射峰对应的不同波长的两纵模在偏振态上是止交的．从而在均匀展宽的掺铒光纤中增强了偏振烧孔(PHB)效应。这种偏振烧孔效应大大减小了不同模式之间的竞争，因此可在室温下得到稳定的双波长振荡。另一方面。通过调整偏振控制器的状态．即改变腔内的双折射状念，光纤光栅的两个反射峰强度会发生变化。基于以上原理。便形成了对激光振荡模式的选择．即通过调整偏振控制器的状态可使激光器工作在稳定的双波长状态或在两波长之间转换。通过改变加在光纤光栅上侧向应力的大小和方向．可有效控制双波长激射的波长间隔．实验中得到了0．2～1．1nm的可调间隔。     

Tunable planar polymer Bragg gratings having exceptionally low polarization sensitivity

We report fabrication of planar polymer Bragg gratings that can be thermally tuned 20 nm with very low polarization sensitivity, (/spl lambda//sub TE/-/spl lambda//sub TM/)相似文献   

Analysis of phase-matching conditions in flexural-wave modulatedfiber Bragg grating

Effective refractive indexes of the core mode and various cladding modes of a tapered single-mode step-index fiber were calculated for identifying the cladding modes of phase matching for coupling with the core mode, caused by a prewritten Bragg grating together with an applied flexural wave (microbending) in the tapered region. With these coupling mechanisms, the previously reported reflection wavelength switching could be well interpreted. Between the core mode and a cladding mode, the Bragg grating caused contradirectional coupling and the flexural wave resulted in codirectional coupling of either first- or second-order diffraction. Meanwhile, the period of the acoustic-induced flexural wave was calibrated to be a few hundreds of micrometers. Based on the phase-matching calculations, the relationship between cladding radius and flexural wave period with a chosen wavelength for reflection switching was provided. Such design considerations should be helpful in implementing wavelength switches, based on flexural wave modulation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG), for the applications of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) fiber communications     

基于倾斜光纤光栅的温度不敏感振动传感器

提出了一种基于倾斜光纤光栅与多模光纤相结合的温度不敏感振动传感器,其振动传感头是在倾斜光纤光栅与单模光纤之间加入一小段多模光纤所组成。倾斜光纤光栅的反射光谱有布拉格模和包层模两部分组成,其中多模光纤的作用是将倾斜光纤光栅反射包层模耦合到单模光纤的基模。倾斜光纤光栅包层模对外界振动很敏感,通过传感器的包层模平均输出功率完成对外界振动物理量测量。由于采用强度解调的方式,可以大大降低传感器装置的复杂性。实验表明：当传感器温度从20 ℃上升到70 ℃时,传感器的输出平均光功率均方根误差为0.01 μW,其反射光谱平均输出功率影响很小,故可以避免外界温度对测量结果的影响。     

In-Fiber Twist Sensor Based on a Fiber Bragg Grating With 81° Tilted Structure

We report a strong polarization dependent coupling behavior of fiber Bragg gratings with excessively tilted structures up to 81deg. This unique property has been utilized to implement a novel twist sensor, showing high torsion sensitivity. The twist induced light coupling interchange between the two birefringence modes makes it possible to interrogate such a sensor using low-cost intensity demodulation technique     

L波段掺铒光纤放大器的增益平坦滤波器设计

EDFA的增益平坦化是WDM系统中的重要问题．用成本低、插损小的光纤光栅实现该功能是一项有吸引力的方案，采用剥层法设计了基于啁啾光栅的增益平坦滤波器。基于时间因果律的剥层算法将光纤光栅看成一个分离的模型，由一系列长度为△的复反射器所组成，每个反射器的后端耦合系数都可由它的前端耦合系数递归地求出，从而能快速、精确地反演出光栅的耦合系数函数。啁啾光栅的目标反射谱由理想的增益平坦滤波器透射谱获得，利用与反射谱群时延有关的常数α可控制光栅的长度，α取值为0．0024cm。时，对应的光栅长度为3．5cm。用剥层法反演出耦合系数函数后，又通过解Riccati方程模拟了合成光栅的透射谱。数值模拟结果显示理想透射谱与合成光栅透射谱之间的峰峰值误差小于0．1dB．并且在工作带宽范围内，透射谱群时延的变化量小于0．6ps，表明该滤波器对系统没有额外的色散影响。     

Switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser with a tilted fiber grating

Multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) have attracted considerable interests in recent years for their po- tential applications in Wavelength-division-multiplexed fi- ber communication system, fiber sensing, optical instrumentation, and microwa…     

Cascaded coupling: Realization and application to spectral maneuvering

In this paper, we analyze a scheme of three mode coupling referred to as cascaded coupling in an optical fiber by employing a pair of superimposed long period gratings. In the cascaded coupling process, interaction between two modes takes place via an intermediate mode. We show that cascaded coupling gives us an additional degree of freedom to tune the transmission spectrum to achieve desired spectral features by appropriate choice of grating parameters i.e. grating strength, length and wavelength of operation. Applications of the proposed design to achieve flat wavelength response and gain flattening filters for erbium doped fiber amplifiers are presented.