Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Al–Li Alloys

G.V. Akimov's concepts of the corrosion–electrochemical properties of aluminum alloys containing lithium are developed. It is found that binary Al–Li alloys are insusceptible to stress corrosion cracking, even though their dissolution rate under normal conditions can increase by up to 30 times because of the selective dissolution of lithium. The interaction of dislocations with phases formed upon heat treatments is demonstrated to play a determining role in the stress corrosion cracking of all the basic aluminum–lithium alloys, namely Al–Li, Al–Li–Cu, Al–Li–Cu–Mg, and Al–Li–Mg alloys. The stress corrosion cracking of both binary aluminum–lithium alloys and alloys which are in addition alloyed with copper and magnesium has mainly a dislocation–electrochemical mechanism. The effect of electrochemical factors is well represented by the difference in the magnitude between the pitting initiation potential and the repassivation potential.     

Marine Corrosion and Protection of Aluminum Alloys According to Their Composition and Structure

Based on long-term tests of aluminum alloys in seawater of various climatic zones from the Arctic to the tropics, the peculiarities of their corrosion behavior are revealed. In contrast to other alloys, hydrogen sulfide has a beneficial effect on their corrosion resistance due to the passivation. However, deep in the Black Sea, the alloys, which are susceptible to structural types of corrosion, were subjected to strong exfoliation corrosion, because hydrogen sulfide excluded fouling with microorganisms that inhibits exfoliation corrosion. Alloys of the Al-Mg system exhibit the highest corrosion resistance in seawater. Alloy of an AMr61 type (σ_ul = 340 MPa, σ_0.2 = 180–210 MPa, δ = 11–15%) has shown a good performance. Alloying with scandium and thermomechanical treatment make possible further simultaneous improvement of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. It is shown that crevice corrosion is more typical of corrosion-resistant low aluminum alloys possessing lower free-corrosion and pitting potentials compared to high alloys, which are susceptible to structural types of corrosion, in particular, exfoliation corrosion. The methods of the aluminum alloys protection against marine corrosion are considered. It is shown that, in contrast to carbon steels, the anodic-cathodic protection is used for aluminum alloys.__________Translated from Zashchita Metallov, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2005, pp. 347–359.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sinyavskii, Kalinin.     

Generating Harmonic Oscillations by Corrosion–Electrochemical Systems

The phenomenon of generating harmonic oscillations by systems formed of iron, zinc, copper, and aluminum or magnesium and a 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution under conditions of the spontaneous dissolution of metals is investigated. The corrosion–electrochemical circuit was found to generate resonance oscillations as a master oscillator. The oscillation frequency depends both on the parameters of electronic scheme and the corrosion–electrochemical properties of a system itself. The frequencies studied (f) range from 5 to 50 kHz. The parameters of resonance oscillations are determined by the corrosion–electrochemical characteristics of the electrode used. The technique developed supposedly supplements the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and provides new prospects in developing the technique of resonance spectrometry.     

Structural and electrochemical performance of sputtered Al–Ce films on AA6061 aluminum alloy substrates

In this work, sputtered Al–Ce films were studied in order to evaluate their possible application as coatings to delay pitting corrosion of aluminum alloy substrates. The morphology and structure of the coatings deposited on both silicon and AA6061 aluminum alloy substrates were studied by varying the magnetron sputtering conditions. The preliminary electrochemical performance was also discussed by means of Tafel plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The X-ray diffraction studies indicated that the microstructure varied from crystalline to amorphous, depending on the deposition parameters. The AFM images show that the films consist of equi-axial round domes distributed homogeneously. The mean grain size, roughness and thickness of the coatings were increased by augmenting the power and pressure. The EIS studies showed that there was a significant increase in the resistance to corrosion after depositing Al–Ce films on AA6061 aluminum alloy substrates. The electrochemical behavior of the films was related to the Ce/Al composition ratio as well as process parameters.     

含硫钻井液中碳钢的腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳行为

通过滚轮失重,电化学极化曲线测量,氢扩散,腐蚀疲劳,扫描电镜分析,对碳钢在含硫聚合物钻井液中的腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳行为进行了研究。结果表明：硫化物的存在能减缓碳钢的均匀腐蚀,但增大其点蚀敏感性,促进碳钢中氢的扩散进入,从而加速碳钢的腐蚀疲劳破坏。     

Effect of Mg Additions and Thermal Treatment on Corrosion Properties of Al–Li–Cu-Base Alloys

An investigation on the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of experimental and industrial semifinished items of Al–Li–Cu–base alloys offers possibilities of increasing the corrosion resistance of aluminum–lithium alloys by alloying and an nontraditional thermal treatment. Magnesium added in a concentration of no more than 0.4% leads to a improvement of the corrosion and mechanical characteristics of the alloy, whereas increasing its concentration up to 1.0% deteriorates all the corrosion characteristics. An investigation of the effect of the cathodic additions of Zr, Mn, and Mn + Cr shows that the corrosion properties are nonchanged by substitution of Mn or Mn + Cr for Zr. The resistance to general corrosion, exfoliation corrosion, and corrosion cracking is enhanced by a nontraditional artificial aging.     

Electrochemical behavior and corrosion of iron in aqueous sulfidic solution

This paper discusses the electrochemical behavior and corrosivity of aqueous sulfidic solutions with reference to iron and carbon steel. The chemistry of aqueous sulfidic solutions is reviewed with particular emphasis on stability of various sulfur species in aqueous solutions as a function of pH and solution potential. The thermodynamic predictions of corrosion processes for iron in sulfidic solution are discussed in terms of the potential pH equilibrium diagrams. Considerable discussion of the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of iron in sulfidic solutions includes the role of solution composition on corrosion and polarization behavior. The influence of surface films on corrosion in these systems is also discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role solution composition on hydrogen absorption and embrittlement of iron and carbon steel.     

CO2分压对SM80SS套管钢在CO2/H2S共存环境中的高温高压腐蚀行为影响

用失重法、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）及X射线能谱（XRD）对CO2分压对SM80SS特级抗硫套管钢在CO2/H2S共存条件下的腐蚀行为进行了试验研究,结果表明：在试验条件下,低PCO2时,反应以H2S为主,FeS优先生成,腐蚀产物膜颗粒细小、比较致密,平均腐蚀速率较小;PCO2不断增大后,反应以CO2为主,FeS逐渐全部转变为FeS0.9,腐蚀产物膜颗粒粗大、比较疏松,平均腐蚀速率较大;腐蚀产物有较好的局部腐蚀阻碍作用,腐蚀形式均为均匀腐蚀。     

Precipitation of Sulfide Inclusions in Steel Structure and Their Effect on Local Corrosion Processes

Sources and regularities of the formation of nonmetal sulfide inclusions in steel structure are analyzed. The inclusions are shown to precipitate upon reaching a critical product of sulfur and manganese concentrations in the metal matrix. For Fe–Cr, Fe–17%Cr–Ni, Fe–17%Cr–Ti, and Fe–17%Cr–14%Ni–Mo alloys, the regularities of the effect the manganese-sulfide inclusions produce on their corrosion-electrochemical characteristics of passivity and pitting-resistance are studied. A significant decrease in the local corrosion resistance of low-alloyed carbon steels due to calcium-sulfide precipitation in the metal is shown.     

Formation, Retention, and Loss of the Metals Atmospheric Corrosion Products. 1. The Integral Weight Model of the Products Formed

Changes of the total weight of tested samples, as well as changes in the weight of the retained atmospheric corrosion products, are studied as functions of corrosion losses in different climate zones and different test duration, for carbon steel, zinc, copper, magnesium, aluminum, Д16 and AMЦ alloys, and brass. An experimental mathematical model for integral weight of formed corrosion products is suggested. Climate effects on the change in the weight of corrosion products retained by metals are studied during long-term exposure of plates and wire spirals recommended by the ISO 9226-92 Standard for the monitoring of atmospheric corrosivity.__________Translated from Zashchita Metallov, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2005, pp. 402–416.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Panchenko, Strekalov.     

焊缝为镍基合金的管线钢焊接接头应力腐蚀性能

用镍基合金Arc625焊材,采用钨极惰性气体保护焊(tungsten inert gas welding, TIG)方法焊接X65管线钢. 针对该类焊接接头,通过显微组织观察、电化学测试、氢渗透试验、四点弯曲以及能谱分析研究其H2S应力腐蚀开裂(sulfide stress corrosion cracking, SSCC)行为. 结果表明,该类焊接接头熔合线处有硬脆碳化物聚集,焊缝与热影响区间电化学腐蚀性能差异较大,焊缝的自腐蚀电流密度比热影响区小一个数量级,该类焊接接头整体抗氢渗透能力较强,SSCC试验后试样在熔合线处出现了裂纹,该裂纹由阳极溶解和氢渗透的双重作用所致. 熔合线处 C元素的聚集和Ni,Cr元素的偏析对焊接接头SSCC性能影响较大.     

温度对SM80SS套管钢在CO2／H2S共存环境中的高温高压腐蚀行为影响

用失重法、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）及X射线能谱（Ⅺ①）对温度对SM80SS特级抗硫套管钢在CO2/H2S共存条件下的腐蚀行为进行了试验研究,结果表日月．在试验条件下,低温（40℃）时,腐蚀速率较小,腐蚀产物为FeCO3和FeS0.9,膜颗粒细小、比较致密,平均腐蚀速率较小;温度逐渐升高至100℃左右时,腐蚀产物为FeCO3和FeS0.9,膜颗粒粗大、疏松,平均腐蚀速率最大;高温（150℃）时,腐蚀速率较小,腐蚀产物为FeO（OH）和FeCO3、FeS0.9,膜颗粒较小、致密,但比低温时明显粗大,平均腐蚀速率较小;高低温时腐蚀产物都有较好的局部腐蚀阻碍作用,腐蚀形式为均匀腐蚀。     

Korrosionselektrochemisches Verhalten von Eisen-Nickel-Legierungen in sauren Sulfidlösungen

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of iron-nickel alloys in acidic sulphide solutions Using the polarization resistance method and potential dynamic polarsation measurements the influence of hydrogen sulfide on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of iron nickel alloys in sulfuric acid media has been studied. It has been found that hydrogen sulfide has a stimulating effect on corrosion rates. This effect depends on the solution pH and on the composition and structure of the alloys and is not announced in the case of alloys with higher nickel content. It has been shown that the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the solution influences the anodic metal dissolution reaction as well as the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction. The differences in the electrochemical behaviour of the two FeNi alloys (having α- and γ-phase structures) can be observed only in the case of the cathodic reaction. According to the results of AAA it has been found that the presence of hydrogen sulfide in sulfuric acid media does not give rise to the selective dissolution of the alloy components.     

硫化氢对不锈钢在酸性体系中腐蚀行为影响的研究

采用动电位扫描、电化学阻抗和电子探针等方法，研究了硫氢浓度对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在0．05mol/LH2SO4体系中的腐蚀行为的影响，结果表明：（1）随硫化氢浓芳的增加，1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的腐蚀被加速，钝化区变窄，且维钝电流密度变大；（2）硫化氢的加入使不锈钢表面钝化膜被破坏，随硫化氢浓度的增加，钝化膜有一个从减薄到完全破坏的过程。     

渗铝钢的抗氢损伤性能

采用钝化助镀法在30CrMo钢表面获得热浸铝层,通过扩散渗铝和调质处理获得了渗铝钢试片和试棒.用氢渗透电化学技术测量了渗铝钢在饱和H2S盐水中的渗氢曲线,得到了不同温度(T)下氢在渗铝钢中的扩散系数(D),拟合得到了T与D的关系式,并研究了溶液中NaCl和CO2对稳态氢渗透电流(Imax)的影响.比较了30CrMo渗铝钢在饱和H2S盐水中腐蚀前后的机械性能.结果表明：热浸渗铝钢对氢扩散有明显的阻滞作用,其抗氢损伤性能好于基体钢材.     

Electrochemical characteristics of steel coated with TiN and TiAlN coatings

The corrosion protection characteristics of titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium–aluminum nitride (TiAlN) coatings produced on cemented carbon steel targets were investigated in aqueous sodium chloride solution. All coatings were produced by cathodic arc plasma deposition. The results indicated that it was possible to follow the corrosion behavior of the coated systems over a period of 300–900 h of immersion. It was found that the TiN and TiAlN coatings had a lower corrosion rate (current density), about three orders of magnitude lower than the untreated steel substrates. The metal substrate was actually passive in these experimental conditions, and exhibited an electrochemical impedance response that could be described by means of the same equivalent circuit than for the coating. Nevertheless, the analysis of the impedance parameters allowed for direct information concerning the enhancement of the corrosion resistance of the coated system as compared to the passive uncoated metal substrate to be extracted. The major corrosion mechanism for the coated samples arises from electrolyte penetration in the pores of the deposits, which may eventually lead to the development of localized forms of corrosion.     

H2S浓度对35CrMo钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响

用电化学技术研究了35CrMo钢在含有不同浓度H₂S溶液中的腐蚀行为,通过慢应变速率拉伸实验研究了35CrMo钢在不同浓度H₂S介质中的应力腐蚀开裂 (SCC) 行为与机理。结果表明：35CrMo钢在pH值为5的H₂S环境下存在SCC敏感性,H₂S浓度升高,SCC敏感性增加,H₂S浓度为200 mg/L时有明显的SCC敏感性。H₂S浓度达到200 mg/L时,能明显促进35CrMo钢腐蚀电化学过程进行。在pH值为5的H₂S环境下,35CrMo钢的SCC机制是以氢脆 (HE) 为主,阳极溶解(AD)为辅的协同机制。     

Electrochemical properties and surface analysis of Cu–Zr–Ag–Al–Nb bulk metallic glasses

The electrochemical properties and surface characteristics of Cu–Zr–Ag–Al–Nb bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were investigated. The alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistance after immersion in 1N H₂SO₄ and 1N NaOH. The corrosion rates of the alloys in chloride-ion-containing solutions significantly decrease by alloying with Nb element. The formation of Zr- and Nb-enriched surface films could be responsible for the high corrosion resistance.     

Improvement of corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy by holmium addition

The corrosion behaviour of two Mg–9Al–Ho alloys (Mg–9Al–0.24Ho and Mg–9Al–0.44Ho) was evaluated by general corrosion measurements and electrochemical methods in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)₂. The experimental results were compared with that of Mg–9Al alloy without Ho addition. Various corrosion rate tests showed that the addition of Ho obviously enhanced corrosion resistance of Mg–9Al alloy. The microstructure of the three magnesium alloys and the morphology of their corrosion product film were examined by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS). The alloys with Ho addition showed a microstructure characterized by α phase solid solution, which was surrounded by some β phase and grain-like Ho-containing phase. The improvement of corrosion resistance of the Mg–9Al–Ho alloys could be explained by the fact that the deposited Ho-containing phases were less cathodic. Moreover, the corrosion product films on the Ho-containing alloy surface demonstrated their ability to restrain further corrosion.     

N80抗硫油管钢在含CO2、微量H2S及高浓度Cl-腐蚀介质中的腐蚀行为

用失重法、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱(EDS)及X射线衍射能谱(XRD)对N80抗硫油管钢在CO2、微量H2S及高浓度Cl-条件下的腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,在本实验条件下,腐蚀反应以H2S腐蚀为主;在膜的形成过程中FeS腐蚀产物膜优先形成,并进一步阻碍具有良好保护性的FeCO3腐蚀产物膜的形成;腐蚀产物膜疏松、平均腐蚀速率较大,且有轻度局部腐蚀发生;溶液中高浓度的Cl-及材料中高含量的Cr元素会使N80抗硫钢局部腐蚀倾向加大.