Visualizing the context of citations referencing papers published by Eugene Garfield: a new type of keyword co-occurrence analysis

During Eugene Garfield’s (EG’s) lengthy career as information scientist, he published about 1500 papers. In this study, we use the impressive oeuvre of EG to introduce a new type of bibliometric networks: keyword co-occurrences networks based on the context of citations, which are referenced in a certain paper set (here: the papers published by EG). The citation context is defined by the words which are located around a specific citation. We retrieved the citation context from Microsoft Academic. To interpret and compare the results of the new network type, we generated two further networks: co-occurrence networks which are based on title and abstract keywords from (1) EG’s papers and (2) the papers citing EG’s publications. The comparison of the three networks suggests that papers of EG and citation contexts of papers citing EG are semantically more closely related to each other than to titles and abstracts of papers citing EG. This result accords with the use of citations in research evaluation that is based on the premise that citations reflect the cognitive influence of the cited on the citing publication.     

Analysis of films prepared by plasma polymerization of acetylene in a D.C. magnetron

The complex dielectric constant of amorphous hydrogenated carbon films was determined by reflection and transmission measurements in the photon energy range from 0.5 to 6.54 eV. The results, determined by the application of a sum rule, showed the presence of 0.47 π-bonded electrons per carbon atom in the films. Electron energy loss spectroscopy was carried out which confirmed the presence of π-bonded electrons and gave a value of the combined σ and π plasmon peak at 23 eV, too low to be consistent with the presence of a distinct phase containing diamond microcrystals or random tetrahedral bonding. A model is presented in which threefold coordinated sheets are linked by tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms.     

Citation concept analysis (CCA): a new form of citation analysis revealing the usefulness of concepts for other researchers illustrated by exemplary case studies including classic books by Thomas S. Kuhn and Karl R. Popper

Scientometrics - In recent years, the full text of papers are increasingly available electronically which opens up the possibility of quantitatively investigating citation contexts in more detail....     

A.C. loss contributions of the transport current and transverse field caused by combined action in a multifilamentary wire

A.c. losses caused by an a.c. transport current and a transverse a.c. magnetic field during simultaneous action were measured. The loss contributions have been obtained separately. The measurements were performed on a NbTi multifilamentary wire having a CuNi matrix of low conductivity in order to prevent eddy currents. The test configuration is presented and measurement results as well as theoretical confirmation are dealt with.     

Correction to: Citation concept analysis (CCA): a new form of citation analysis revealing the usefulness of concepts for other researchers illustrated by exemplary case studies including classic books by Thomas S. Kuhn and Karl R. Popper

Scientometrics - In Bornmann, Wray, and Haunschild (2020, p. 1059), the term “like” was inadvertently included in the list of uncertainty terms.     

Homogeneous catalytic ozonation of C.I. Reactive Red 2 by metallic ions in a bubble column reactor

This study elucidates the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) by homogeneous catalytic ozonation. The effects of pH and catalyst dosage were evaluated in O3/Mn(II), O3/Fe(II), O3/Fe(III), O3/Zn(II), O3/Co(II) and O3/Ni(II) systems. In O3/Mn(II), O3/Fe(II) and O3/Fe(III) systems, increasing the catalyst concentration increased the rate of RR2 decolorization; however, further increasing the catalyst concentration caused no further significant increase. When 0.6 mM catalyst was added, the decolorization rates of O3/Mn(II), O3/Fe(II), O3/Fe(III), O3/Zn(II), O3/Co(II) and O3/Ni(II) systems at pH 2 were 3.295, 1.299, 1.278, 1.015, 0.843 and 0.822 min(-1), respectively. Under all of the experimental conditions, the decolorization efficiency of catalytic ozonation exceeded that of ozonation alone. The decolorization rate markedly exceeds the TOC removal rate in all tested systems. The effect of the radical scavenger on the catalytic ozonation processes suggests that the decolorization reaction in catalytic ozonation systems proceeds by mainly radical-type mechanisms, except in the O3/Mn(II) system.     

Microstructural evaluation of CM 500L,a new WC alloy coating deposited by the controlled nucleation thermochemical deposition process

CM 500L is a new wear-resistant coating developed by San Fernando Laboratories using the controlled nucleation thermochemical deposition process. The material is deposited in the temperature range 350–550 °C and consists of two phases, tungsten and W₃C. The carbon content of CM 500L varies, typically, from about 0.5 to about 1.5 wt.%. The structure contains extremely fine non-columnar grains of tungsten, of the order of a few hundred ångströms, with a fine dispersion of the carbide phase. The hardness of the deposit can be varied in the range 1800–2800 HV 200 (kgf mm^-2). Results of extensive wear tests involving erosion and abrasion have shown that CM 500L is superior to conventional hard ceramics and other hard-facing materials. It is possible to apply this coating to many steels and other substrates.     

Collective Motion of Vortices Induced by A.C. Magnetic Field in the High Anisotropy BSCCO

The microwave dissipation induced by an ac magnetic field collinear to the dc magnetic field in the highly anisotropic BSCCO shows two signals. One, that occurs just below T _c in all superconductors, corresponds to changes in the microwave dissipation of the TAFF resistivity caused by a magnetic modulation. The other signal arises from a double frequency process, where the ac field prepares the vortex system to enable its interaction with the microwave. This signal whose response to the ac field is non-linear (NL) is studied in this work, mostly for the configuration where the dc and the ac magnetic field are parallel the a–b plane. We demonstrate that below B _dc=0.0025 T the ac field interacts with individual non-interacting vortices. Above B _dc=0.005 T, the ac induces simultaneously, collective motions of pinned vortices and Josephson unpinned vortices. The latter has a bell-shaped form and therefore can be identified as an oscillation mode induced by the magnetic microwave field. This oscillation mode is excited by the microwave magnetic field and therefore it differs from the Josephson plasma excitation mode or the vortex excitation mode where both are excited by the microwave electric field. Defects, high temperatures and high ac fields impedes the excitation of this mode. The results are discussed with respect to the vortex shaking effect and other experimental and theoretical results.     

A three-dimensional flow control concept for single-cell experiments on a microchip. 2. Fluorescein diacetate metabolism and calcium mobilization in a single yeast cell as stimulated by glucose and pH changes

Using a three-dimensional flow control concept to manipulate and retain a single yeast cell in a microchip, we were able to study the kinetics of intracellular metabolism and calcium mobilization at the single-cell level, as stimulated by glucose and pH changes. As a model study, the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was chosen to study how the intracellular carboxylesterase metabolize it. A single yeast cell was first cultured in the microchip. Thereafter, under a constant concentration of FDA, influx of FDA into the yeast cell occurred and FDA was hydrolyzed or metabolized. It was found that changes in both pH and glucose stimulated the FDA metabolism in a yeast cell, and the stimuli can elicit multiple responses from the cell. Since it was carried out within the microchip, the whole experiment on one single yeast cell could last for as long as 10 h. The dormant cell, budding cell, and pretreated budding cell (in low-pH buffer) of yeast resulted in different responses. Experimental data provided details on the FDA metabolism at the single-cell level and revealed strong correlations between FDA metabolism and calcium mobilization. Furthermore, efflux of the FDA metabolite fluorescein could start spontaneously if there was glucose in the medium. The experiments on a single cell were of the "human cell conservation" style because the cell responded to the reagent changes implemented by the human researcher. A mathematical model was also developed to study the influx-hydrolysis-efflux processes of the FDA metabolism using single-cell fluorescent data. These long overdue single-cell experiments are now rendered possible using the three-dimensional flow control in the microchip.     

Production of electricity and hydrogen by photocatalytic degradation of organic wastes in a photoelectrochemical cell: the concept of the Photofuelcell: a review of a re-emerging research field

The present review aims to give to a researcher who has no experience with Photofuelcells all necessary basic knowledge to join the field without much trouble and to give to an experienced researcher a handy manual of reference. The author has dealt with the principal matters related with the design of a photoelectrochemical cell and the factors that affect efficient production of electricity by photocatalytic degradation of (principally) organic and (secondarily) inorganic waste materials. A large portion of the paper is devoted to the review of materials used for making a photoanode since most of the accomplished research is on this exact matter. The paper also briefly reviews the materials used to make the rest of the components of the cell as well as the models of cell efficiency and photodegradation procedures during cell operation.     

Measurement in clinical vs. biological medicine: the Rasch model as a bridge on a widening gap

In the dominant Bio-medical paradigm Medicine is mostly Biology applied to Man. Measurement in Biology stems from physical sciences and has established validity. This is not the case for whole-person variables such as behaviors and psychic conditions (disability, pain, knowledges). The very existence of these variables can only be inferred by observing samples of representative behaviors. The quantity of the inferred variable may only come from subjective and discrete counts (scores) of events (coming in a questionnaire). Contemporary statistics demonstrated that raw scores intrinsically lack fundamental properties for scientific measurement, whatever their algebraic manipulations. This adds to the stigmatization of Clinical Medicine as "soft science", compared to Bio-medicine. In the 1960s Georg Rasch inaugurated a new statistical approach allowing transformation of raw scores into objective linear measures comparable to physical measures. This may help the Bio-medical paradigm to redirect resources from laboratory bench back to bedside.     

Improvement in the apparent mass resolution of oligonucleotides by using 12C/14N-enriched samples.

The apparent mass resolution of oligonucleotides in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers has been examined. In a reflectron TOF instrument, where the isotopic profile can be completely resolved, the apparent resolution matches the instrument's resolving power. In a linear TOF instrument, unresolved isotopic profiles limit the apparent resolution to much lower values than the actual instrument resolution. By using 12C/14N-enriched oligonucleotides, the apparent resolution can be improved significantly. The isotope enrichment method also enhances the signal-to-noise ratio.     

Measurement of the intrinsic stress in thin films of silver by a new cantilevered plate technique

The intrinsic force per unit width S_Int in evaporated thin films of silver was determined from the instantaneous deformation of a cantilevered plate during film deposition from the early growth stages until a thickness of 800 Å was reached. The experimentally determined total bending force S_Tot is analysed as a sum of thermal bending forces and a bending force due to momentum transfer from the vapour. Formulae developed earlier are used to relate the thermal bending forces to the experimentally determined substrate temperature T and temperature differential ΔT between substrate faces, both of which are monitored during film deposition by means of thin film thermocouples. The bending force due to momentum transfer is obtained by simple calculation. The intrinsic bending force S_Int is then determined by subtraction. The results obtained by the present continuous technique are compared with earlier results obtained using a more usual sequential deposition technique.     

C(60) reduces the flammability of polypropylene nanocomposites by in situ forming a gelled-ball network

The thermal and flame retardancy properties of polypropylene/fullerene (PP/C(60)) nanocomposites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cone calorimetry with the C(60) loading varied from 0.5 to 2% by weight. Dispersion of C(60) in the PP matrix was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and optical microscopy (OM). TGA and DSC results showed that the presence of C(60) could remarkably enhance the thermal property and cone calorimeter measurements suggested that C(60) could to some extent reduce the flammability of PP, with a significant reduction in peak heat release rate and a much longer time to ignition. Furthermore, the larger the loading level of C(60), the better the flame retardancy property of PP/C(60) nanocomposites. The flame retardation mechanism and corresponding model were proposed with the help of rheological measurements, TEM and x-ray diffraction. C(60) reduced the flammability of PP by trapping free radicals in the gas phase and in situ forming a gelled-ball crosslink network to improve the flame retardancy of PP in the condensed phase. Finally, this suggested mechanism was supported by the results of advanced rheological extended systems (ARES), gel content, infrared spectrum, OM, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements.     

液相色谱法测定水中苯丙[a]芘的不确定度评估

对液相色谱法测定生活饮用水中苯丙[a]芘含量测量不确定度进行分析,为评价检测数据的准确性提供科学依据。测样量为1m L时,测定生活饮用水中苯丙[a]芘含量为ρ=(0.856+0.025)μg·m L-1。通过对不确定度来源的量化分析,得出标准物质引入的不确定度分量和线性误差引入的不确定度分量是测定结果不确定度的重要来源。     

Removal of C.I. Acid Orange 7 from aqueous solution by UV irradiation in the presence of ZnO nanopowder

The removal of C.I. Acid Orange 7 (AO7) from aqueous solution under UV irradiation in the presence of ZnO nanopowder has been studied. The average crystallite size of ZnO powder was determined from XRD pattern using the Scherrer equation in the range of 33 nm. The experiments showed that ZnO nanopowder and UV light had a negligible effect when they were used on their own. The effects of some operational parameters such as pH, the amount of ZnO nanopowder and initial dye concentration were also examined. The photodegradation of AO7 was enhanced by the addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide, but it was inhibited by ethanol. From the inhibitive effect of ethanol, it was deducted that hydroxyl radicals played a significant role in the photodegradation of the dye. The kinetic of the removal of AO7 can be explained in terms of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The values of the adsorption equilibrium constant, K(AO7), and the kinetic rate constant of surface reaction, k(c), were 0.354(mg l(-1))(-1) and 1.99 mg l(-1)min(-1), respectively. The electrical energy consumption per order of magnitude for photocatalytic degradation of AO7 was lower in the UV/ZnO/H(2)O(2) process than that in the UV/ZnO process. Accordingly, it could be stated that the complete removal of color, after selecting desired operational parameters could be achieved in a relatively short time, about 60 min.     

Effect of operational parameters on the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 in aqueous solution by ozone-enhanced electrocoagulation

The aim of this paper was to investigate the efficiency of the ozone-enhanced electrocoagulation (EC) process in the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 in water using iron electrodes. We determined the effects of various operating parameters such as initial pH, initial dye concentration, current density, salt concentration, temperature, ozone flow rate, and distance between electrodes on decolorization efficiency in a laboratory-scale reactor. Increasing the initial dye concentration decreased the decolorization efficiency, whereas increasing the distance between electrodes increased it. The other operating factors had both positive and negative effects. With an initial pH of 10.0, an initial dye concentration of 100mg/L, current density of 10mA/cm2, salt concentration of 3000mg/L, temperature of 30 degrees C, ozone flow rate of 20mL/min, and distance between electrodes of 3cm, over 96% of the color was removed after 10min. As a consequence, removal of total organic carbon (TOC) was over 80%.