地表水环境污染物受体模型源解析研究与应用进展

当前地表水体污染问题严重,准确掌握污染物的来源并从源头上对污染物实施总量控制是实现污染源有效监管的技术依据,也是我国流域污染防治工作的重要技术支撑。在对国内外已有的水环境污染源解析技术归纳的基础上,着重对地表水污染物源解析受体模型中的成分/比值法、指纹图谱法、化学质量平衡模型和多元统计法等方法的研究和应用进展进行了详细阐述,并对国内外地表水污染物源解析技术存在的问题和应用前景进行了评述和展望,指出当前水环境源解析技术存在的主要问题为:现有源解析技术的局限性和约束条件难于满足,使得分析结果存在较大误差;污染源指纹谱不完整等现状制约了源解析的研究深度;特定区域污染源指纹谱的修订存在较多困难;现有模型仅反映过去时段对受体的贡献;源解析研究的目标污染物相对有限。对现有技术的完善与优化,各模型间的综合分析、耦合应用为当前研究的热点与发展趋势。     

多元统计模型在水环境污染物源解析中的应用

源解析是指对污染物的来源进行定性或定量研究的技术,查明水环境中污染物来源是有效治理污染的前提。介绍了多元统计模型在水环境中污染物源解析方面的几种常用方法及其在国内外的研究、应用案例,分析了各模型的优缺点及其适用条件,指出了近年来对多元统计模型的优化研究情况。最后针对以往研究工作的不足和存在的问题,指出今后水环境污染物源解析研究的新思路:多元复合模型的应用,利用统计学知识对现有模型的优化改建,GIS与源解析统计模型的有效结合。     

昆明主城区水污染负荷源解析及其减排潜力估算

滇池主城区是滇池流域最重要的污染源,对其进行源解析工作,识别主要污染物在不同来源和不同时空上的排放特征,对于滇池水环境质量改善具有重要的意义和价值。本研究通过基于过程模拟的源解析方法,建立陆域污染负荷产生-汇集-排放模型,对昆明主城区开展了高时空精度的源解析工作,并在此基础上提出了相应的水污染控制措施并估算其减排潜力。结果表明,2014年全年昆明主城区入湖污染负荷为化学需氧量20 527t,总氮6 226t,总磷253t,氨氮1 199t。其中,面源污染是化学需氧量、总磷和氨氮负荷排放的主要来源。通过源解析工作,在子流域空间精度和日时间精度上,识别出了污染物负荷排放量及其来源的时空分布特征。减排潜力估算结果表明,昆明主城区仍有较大的减排潜力,化学需氧量、总氮、总磷和氨氮负荷最高能分别削减59%、59%、74%、69%,且减排工作应重点放在对城市面源污染和总氮负荷的控制上。通过流域陆源污染负荷源解析并针对性地开展相应的污染控制措施,能够促进流域实现精准治污,提高流域水环境治理的系统性、科学性和有效性。     

考虑大气沉降的湖库分区动态水环境容量精细解析

针对面源污染为主的湖库型流域,为建立水质目标管理与污染总量控制之间更精准的响应关系,借鉴日最大负荷总量模式,基于物质量平衡原理提出考虑径流丰枯变化、不均匀混合、大气沉降等影响因素的湖库分区动态水环境容量精细解析方法,包括污染混合区设置、代表水文系列确定、逐日分区水量水质计算。以沙河水库为例,分别以全湖Ⅱ类、主湖Ⅱ类作为水质管理目标,采用2010—2015年代表水文系列对总氮动态水环境容量进行精细解析。结果表明：全湖Ⅱ类、主湖Ⅱ类水质管理目标下沙河水库总氮水环境容量的多年均值分别为36.7 t和99.43 t,若不考虑湖滨混合区,全湖Ⅱ类水质目标下总氮的年水环境容量计算值偏大66.43%;实施水质目标管理的水域面积越大,大气沉降对水环境容量的影响越大;径流年际及年内丰枯变化对水环境容量的影响显著;各分区总氮控制总量占全流域总量的比例与面积比基本一致。湖库分区动态水环境容量精细解析可量化不同因素对水环境容量计算结果的影响,科学解析面源输入型湖库水环境容量的时空结构特征,实现水质目标管理与污染总量分区管控的有机联动,更好地支撑流域水环境的精细化管理。     

太滆运河水环境容量研究

水环境容量是区域污染物总量控制的基础和核心,可为流域水生态治理提供重要的科学依据。以往的相关研究多侧重于不同水文时期水环境容量的动态变化,而未将点、面源入河的季节性特征纳入考虑范畴。文章采用解析公式法,综合考虑点、面源污染特征确定点、面源协同影响的太滆运河水环境容量,并利用MIKE11 软件构建太滆运河汇水区水量、水质数学模型,模拟在最大允许排放量条件下典型断面的水质达标情况。研究表明：太滆运河水环境容量为COD 22 694.52 t/a、氨氮854.04 t/a、总磷195.58 t/a。典型断面均能实现水功能区划水质目标,该计算方法合理可行。     

水环境风险源识别和评估研究进展综述

针对流域水环境风险问题,归纳了国内外环境风险源识别和风险评估研究进展。研究表明,国内水环境风险源识别方面,点源和面源识别方法比较成熟,研究案例很丰富,移动源识别有待加强。风险评估方面,富营养化研究已有适合国内水环境的方法,但是有机污染物和重金属风险评估主要停留在风险识别阶段,风险评估方法及标准主要参考国外文献,还有待深入研究,以期能提出适合国内环境的风险评价方法和标准。     

平原地区城市河网水环境改善的补水调度策略研究——以天津市中心城区河网为例

针对平原地区城市河网中存在的补水效果差、水质不达标等水环境问题,采取问题解析-方法优化的思路开展河网水环境改善的补水调度策略研究,提出了融合现状模拟和成因分析、补水调度策略验证、补水调度实施方案的研究思路。以天津市中心城区环城河网进行实例应用,基于现状问题解析揭示了河网水质不达标原因,按照保持现有工程措施及增设工程措施的顺序提出了适用的推荐补水调度策略,并基于推荐补水调度策略提出了年度整体实施方案及实际实施方案,其中年度整体实施方案对应的年度补水调度总需水量为3.19亿m3。研究表明本文提出的补水调度策略研究方法可利用有限的补水资源有效地改善水环境,可在其他平原地区城市河网中进行推广。     

农村水环境治理规划的实践与思考

文章以竹溪河流域为例,在全流域农村点面源污染调查的基础上,解析农村各类污染源对流域水环境的影响,以问题导向,构建农村水污染治理体系.综合实践过程的技术适用性和经济性,针对农村点面污染源分别制定污染物削减方案,为农村地区水环境综合整治的相关工作提供实践参考.     

长江科学院流域水环境和水生态研究回顾与展望

简要介绍了长江科学院在流域水环境与水生态研究方向近 10 年来取得的主要科研成果。重点阐述了在健康长江、生态需水及生态调度、水利水电工程的生态环境影响、水域纳污能力计算与评价、水环境监测及突发性水污染应急事故、水环境模拟、面源污染监控与防治等方面的创新研究成果,最后对流域水环境和水生态的研究进行了展望。     

南京江心洲水环境问题诊断与提升对策

在严格落实长江大保护基础上,平衡经济发展与环境保护的关系,尤其是水生态环境,是实现长江洲岛高质量发展的关键所在。文章以南京江心洲为例,通过现场调研、水质分析等方法,解析岛内水环境突出问题为建设期控源截污不到位、水系划分不合理、水动力弱、水体自净功能差、缺少智慧管理等,提出通过控源截污、水源提质、动力调控、生态修复、智慧运管系统建设等措施构建水环境综合治理体系,并分为开发前期基础设施建设、开发建设、建成运管3个阶段分期实施,最终稳定提升江心洲水环境品质,打造人水和谐的生态宜居环境,促进水生态文明建设。     

A framework of characteristics identification and source apportionment of water pollution in a river: a case study in the Jinjiang River, China

A framework for characteristics identification and source apportionment of water pollution in the Jinjiang River of China was proposed in this study for evaluation. A total of 114 water samples which were generated between May 2009 and September 2010 at 13 sites were collected and analysed. First, support vector machine (SVM) and water quality pollutant index (WQPI) were used for water quality comprehensive evaluation and identifying characteristic contaminants. Later, factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC) was employed for source apportionment. Finally, multi-linear regression of the absolute principal component score (APCS/MLR) was applied to further estimate source contributions for each characteristic contaminant. The results indicated that the water quality of the Jinjiang River was mainly at the third level (65.79%) based on national surface water quality permissible standards in China. Ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, mercury, iron and manganese were identified as characteristic contaminants. Source apportionment results showed that industrial activities (63.16%), agricultural non-point source (16.50%) and domestic sewage (12.85%) were the main anthropogenic pollution sources which were influencing the water quality of Jinjiang River. This proposed method provided a helpful framework for conducting water pollution management in aquatic environment.     

FingerPro: an R Package for Tracking the Provenance of Sediment

Soil loss by erosion processes is one of the largest challenges for food production and reservoir siltation around the world. Information on sediment, nutrients and pollutants is required for designing effective control strategies. The estimation of sediment sources is difficult to get using conventional techniques, but sediment fingerprinting is a potentially valuable tool. This procedure intends to develop methods that enable to identify the apportionment of sediment sources from sediment mixtures. We developed a new tool to quantify the provenance of sediments in an agroforest catchment. For the first time, the procedure for the selection of the best combination of tracers was included in the tool package. An unmixing model algorithm is applied to the sediment samples to estimate the contribution of each possible source. The operations are compiled in an R package named FingerPro, which unmixes sediment samples after selecting the optimum set of tracers. An example from a well-studied Mediterranean catchment is included in the package to test the model. The sediment source apportionments are compared with previous results of soil redistributions where ¹³⁷Cs derived rates validate the unmixing results, highlighting the potential of sediment fingerprinting for quantifying the main sediment provenance. Fingerprinting techniques will allow us to better comprehend sediment transport to water ecosystems and reservoirs and its detrimental effect on the quality of the water and aquatic habitats. The FingerPro package provides further understanding of the unmixing procedure through the use of graphical and statistical tools, offering a broader and easier application of the technique.

     

城市湖泊生态修复及水生植物群落构建研究进展

介绍了经典的湖泊生态修复理论在国内外的应用及发展现状,并总结了在该理论指导下实施城市湖泊生态修复过程中,内源及外源性营养盐、光照、浮游植物、底泥、生物扰动等因子对水生植物群落恢复的影响,及其应对策略。针对外源性点源、面源污染多的问题,通过修建污水管网以及人工湿地等水利设施进行控制;内源性污染如底泥,则可采用原位以及异位等处理技术进行控制;对水质产生较大影响的浮游植物可采用物理、化学、生物-生态学方法进行调控;人类干扰、鱼类牧食及其他水生动物、浮游植物等综合作用共同影响水生植物生长、分布。因此,在利用水生植物修复湖泊水体时,必须综合考虑多方面生态因子对其所造成的影响。     

大藤峡水利枢纽工程设计中的水生态优化措施

针对水利水电工程对环境的影响和大藤峡水利枢纽工程所在江段的水生生态敏感性,探讨大藤峡水利枢纽工程设计中的水生态优化措施:优化运行水位;采取保护鱼类、优化施工方案的多种水生态保护措施;实施生态调度。分析这些水生态保护措施的可行性及有效性,认为这些措施技术上可行,可有效减缓水利工程对鱼类产卵场及鱼类资源的影响。     

Trends and prospects in the Yangtze River Basin research: A bibliometric analysis

The management and protection of the world's major river basins have received increasing attention, and a series of related measures, including fishing bans and ecological engineering restoration, has been pioneered in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). This paper provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of research trends and hotspots in the water environment of the YRB through bibliometric means. The database period was from its inception to December 31, 2020. This review combines the changing trends in the water environment of the YRB in the form of keywords. The results show that the governance of the YRB is based on the relationship between “water” and “sediment” as an entry point, focusing on changes in the “temporal” and “spatial” allocation of water resources; further, when considering the problem of “eutrophication” caused by the release of “nitrogen” and “phosphorus” from “sediments,” water quality factors such as “heavy metal pollution” and “organic pollution” are becoming more prominent; then water quality factor affects “biodiversity,” aquatic ecology becomes more and more concerned, and “ecological risk” factor is taken into consideration. Therefore, future management of the YRB requires consideration of all elements of the basin, including water resources, water quality, and aquatic ecology, and how to coordinate these all material elements is the obstacle and breakthrough point. In addition, further studies on research frontiers have revealed that ecological risk, emerging bioinformatics technologies, and, source apportionment will become the new and popular directions and trends in research. This review is intended to provide insights into the management of other large river basins around the world.     

Spurenstoffe in der aquatischen Umwelt – Einleitung

The occurrence, effects and significance of organic trace substances in aquatic environments have been the topic of discussions for a wide range of scientific and administrative experts in recent years. These widely used compounds can occur in very small concentrations in aquatic environments; they also have broad activity spectrums and diverse environmental impacts, making this a highly complex topic. Because the various specialist fields, such as chemical safety and water protection, are now facing a situation in which the same substance is relevant in a wide variety of different areas, they are increasingly combining and coordinating their respective established approaches. This article provides a basis for dealing with the topic of organic trace substances in aquatic environments by defining terms and drawing attention to the significance and use of these substances in society. It also presents background information and potential professional approaches to the subject. It offers an overview of the main topics of current discussions, which will be dealt with in detail in further articles.     

控制农业非点源污染的税费理论

针对我国目前的农业非点源污染特点和成因,借鉴吸收国外相关领域的研究成果及经验,着重从理论上对控制农业污染的经济政策体系进行了阐述和探讨,提出基于限制和约束功能的税费政策,包括输入税以及费用分摊等,并对征收对象、思路以及各经济政策的功能和适用情况进行了分析。讨论不同信息条件下农用化学品输入税的确定方法。     

长江流域水生生物监测现状与展望

水生生物可以直接反映水环境质量变化,水环境的恶化会对水生生物产生影响和危害。因此,生物监测技术是水环境监测的一种最直接且有效的手段。介绍了水环境生物监测技术的定义、理论、主要方法及其优越性。列举了长江流域水生生物监测应用的典型案例,并对生物监测技术存在的问题进行了分析,对其应用前景进行了展望。