酱油渣沼气发酵潜力研究

以酱油渣为原料,以厌氧污泥为接种物进行实验室水平产沼气实验.结果表明厌氧污泥与酱油渣总固体(TS)比例为4∶6,温度35℃时产气效果最好,对最佳条件下产甲烷情况进行动力学模拟,发现整个产甲烷过程可以用Cheynoweth方程来描述,但反应速率常数k并不固定,0d～2d内k=0.0978d-1,2d～7d内k=1.147d-1.     

UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器启动研究

采用一套有效容积为3．2L的UASB反应器，接种普通城市污水处理厂污泥浓缩池污泥，以自配合NH4^＋N和NO2^-N的废水为进水，对ANAMMOX反应过程的启动和运行特征进行了研究．结果表明：进水溶解氧质量浓度为2．7～3．2mg／L，反应器的启动经历了污泥适应期、ANA-MMOX活性表现期及ANAMMOX活性提高期3个阶段，在反应器运行的第119天，NH4^＋N和NO2^-N的去除率分别为96．6％，75．4％，成功启动了厌氧氨氧化过程．在将NH^＋-N浓度从50mg／L提高到70mg／L，使进水中NH4^＋N比NO2^-N为1：1．32时，NH4^＋N、NO2^--N、TN的去除率分别达到了99．9％，99．9％和91．2％．ANAMMOX反应过程中，去除的NH4^＋-N、NO2^--N和生成的NO3^--N的比例表现为1：1．54：0．30．pH出水高于进水，稳定在8．4左右．碱度进、出水变化不大．获得的具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥为褐色，并在反应器的下部形成了褐色颗粒污泥．运行表明，容积负荷、反应区温度对ANAMMOX反应的稳定运行产生明显影响．     

甘蔗制糖文摘(六)

高浓度Cl-及SO4－2对厌氧颗粒污泥的抑制效应及抑制机理研究—于玉根等，轻工环保，1994（2），1～3高浓度Cl-及SO4－2对厌氧颗粒污泥的抑制机理有多种学说，本文对谷氨酸等电母液处理中存在的高浓度Cl-或SO4-2对厌氧微生物的抑制及其机理作了初步探讨。研究结果表明，当Cl-浓度达19600×10－6及SO4－2达到48000×10－6时，抑制程度为50％；抑制机理试验证明了高Cl-及SO4－2浓度对厌颗粒污泥抑制是由于渗透压的作用使细菌细胞发生质壁分离，导致微生物失活和死亡。认为，抑制试验对废水厌氧处理的工程设计和生产控制具有重要意义。启…     

欧洲企业污泥的减量化措施

据悉,目前在欧洲90%的污泥采取填埋、农业应用和焚烧,对污泥减量化的研究主要集中在三个方面：一是对传统废水生物处理进行改良,例如,采取纯氧曝气、解偶联新陈代谢和氧化沉淀厌氧处理（oxic—Settling-anaerobic process）等技术，目的是减少微生物的产生量；二是对污泥处理过程进行改进，例如，无氧气浮厌氧消化和机械研磨后厌氧处理等技术；     

新型厌氧反应器处理造纸黑液酸析废水的效能及功能菌群落分析

采用自行设计的新型厌氧反应器处理造纸黑液酸析废水,并基于FISH技术及其它常规手段,对运行期间反应器内的处理效能、厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性、功能菌群落之间的变化关系进行了分析探讨。经过71天的运行,最终进水COD为8700mg/L,COD去除率为49.46%,水力停留时间为37.38h,容积负荷为5.59 kg COD/(m3·d),污泥最大比产甲烷速率达到355.36 m LCH4/(d·g),食丁酸盐产氢产乙酸菌相对丰度为(79.87±0.77)%,比运行开始时提高了50.87%,产甲烷菌相对丰度为(81.08±1.36)%,提高了26.39%,耗氢产乙酸菌相对丰度为(19.51±1.09)%,提高了2.14倍。证明新型厌氧反应器对厌氧污泥的颗粒化有显著效果,对黑液等高浓度高毒性废水有良好处理效能。     

制浆造纸厂污泥的高温厌氧消化处理

在半连续喂料连续搅拌釜反应器中,对制浆造纸厂一级污泥的厌氧消化及一级污泥与二级污泥的联合厌氧消化进行了研究。通过批量实验可知,一级污泥在35。C和55。C下厌氧消化分别可产生甲烷210511230m3／tVS（VS为挥发性固形物）,二级污泥在35℃和55℃下分别可产生甲烷50和n100m3／tVS。在有机负荷为1．0～1．4kgVS／（m3·d）和水力停留时间为16～32天时,一级污泥厌氧消化可产生甲烷190～240m3／tVS。如果可确保pH值稳定,在有机负荷最高（2kgVS／（m3·d））和水力停留时间最短（14～16天）时,一级污泥厌氧消化也可以达到相同效果。有机负荷为lkgVS／（m3·d）和水力停留时间为25～31天时,一级污泥与二级污泥联合厌氧消化可产生甲烷150～170m3／tVS。在厌氧消化过程中,纤维素和半纤维素发生降解,而木素未降解。对制浆造纸厂污泥进行厌氧消化处理时,要注意调节pH值和判断是否缺乏氮。     

制革脱毛废液中硫化物在酸化污泥中的吸附规律

采用改装上流式反应器,通过实验室模拟试验,研究了pH、硫化物浓度、气提速率等因素对厌氧酸化污泥吸附制革脱毛废液中硫化物的影响。结果表明:经厌氧酸化后,产酸相可将高pH、含硫化物废水的pH值降低至6以下,达到物化酸化脱硫的要求,同时污泥吸附硫化物量降低2%~8%。酸化反应器中硫化物分布不均匀,上部液相硫化物浓度高达114mgS·L-1。气提作用可使液相中硫化物浓度降低30%~50%,但对污泥吸附硫化物无影响,污泥的饱和硫化物吸附量为26.3mgS·L-1。     

啤酒废水厌氧处理系统的改造

对EGSB系统进行问题分析，并实施改进措施。运行结果表明，可有效提高厌氧系统的处理能力和运行稳定性，出水COD下降至180-320mg／L，去除率稳定在90％以上；采用25g／L左右的厌氧颗粒污泥接种反应器，可在短时间内完成EGSB反应器的再次启动；控制反应器内pH值稳定在6．8～7．2之间，可增加EGSB反应器的运行能力，提高稳定性。     

黑曲霉SL2-111固态发酵生产聚半乳糖醛酸酶

以麸皮为主要原料，采用黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)诱变菌株SL2—111进行聚半乳糖醛酸酶固态发酵，培养物最高酶活力可达到2695u／g(鲜曲)。产酶最适培养基为：麸皮15g，柚皮粉1．5g，(NH4)2SO4 0．8g，Ca—Cl2 0.075g。最佳产酶条件为：28℃，pH6．0，培养72h。成曲的最佳浸提条件为：以0．1mol／L，pH4．0柠檬酸柠檬酸钠缓冲液为浸提剂，在30℃下浸提5h。     

餐厨垃圾的加入量对市政污泥厌氧消化的影响

研究了不同餐厨垃圾的加入量对市政污泥厌氧消化的影响,探求市政污泥厌氧消化的最佳工艺。在固含量为18％,接种量为20％的条件下,比较6种不同餐厨垃圾的加入量对市政污泥厌氧消化过程pH值、固含量（Ts）、挥发性有机物含量（VS）、日产气量、累积产气量的影响。结果表明,市政污泥与餐厨垃圾混合比例为40：60时,产气效果最佳,整个过程累积产气量为13289ml,物料固含量去除率为32．89％,挥发性有机物降解率为58．05％;市政污泥与餐厨垃圾混合消化比市政污泥单独消化相比。产气量和降解率都提高了,并且具有更好的系统稳定性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the