功能侧链液晶聚丙烯酸酯及聚丙烯酰胺的合成

基于国内外最研究文献，系统论述了两种新型功能性液晶聚合物－侧链液晶聚丙烯酸酯及聚丙酰胺的合成方法，大分子链结构及其液晶相转变温度，指出这类聚合物合成方法简单，一般显示热致性向列型或近晶型液晶相，液晶相转变温度和液晶态温度范围随链结构的不同发生显著变化。     

乙基氰乙基纤维素/甲基丙烯酸酯液晶溶液的研究EI

乙基氰乙基纤维素/甲基丙烯酸酯在一定的浓度下可以形成溶致性液晶,从液晶相的双折射纹理结构和小角光散射的H_v散射花样可知这类液晶是胆甾型的。同时,在液晶相开始出现时及各向同性完全消失时的临界浓度C_1~*和C_2~*均随着甲基丙烯酸酯基的链的增长而减少。     

侧链胆甾液晶聚合物的合成及性能

合成了一种新型胆甾液晶单体(M1)和一种向列液晶单体(M2),通过与聚硅氧烷(PMHS)接枝共聚得到了系列侧链液晶聚合物P1~P6,通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热失重分析(TGA)、偏光显微镜(POM)等手段对聚合物的结构、液晶性能及热性能进行了表征。随着胆甾液晶基元的减少,其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、清亮点(Ti)逐渐降低。聚合物P1~P6均为胆甾型热致液晶,聚合物呈现出典型的胆甾液晶彩色Grand-jean织构、油丝及焦锥织构,并且颜色随温度升高发生变化。     

纤维素及其衍生物的胆甾型液晶结构

综术了纤维毒素衍生物胆甾型溶致液晶结构的纤维素衍生物的复合物的结构研究的进展。纤维素衍生物能在多种溶剂中形成胆甾型溶致液晶，其液晶相具有多重织构特性，即它的多种织构的存在与外界条件如溶液的浓度、温度等有很大关系。在纤维素衍生物的胆甾型液晶溶液中还可观察到多种向错结构，含纤维素衍生物的高分子复合物的合成一方面使纤维素衍生物胆甾型液晶结构的研究进入了更微观的层次，另一方面其本身就具有潜在的应用前景。     

肉桂酸胆甾醇酯光二聚体液晶的制备及其性能的研究

首先合成了光二聚型肉桂酸胆甾醇酯，通过光二聚法制备了含强刚性结构的二苯基环丁烷二羧酸二胆甾醇酯液晶分子。研究发现：通过骤冷可得到玻璃态胆甾相液晶，并可以反复熔融和冷却实现可逆的彩色显示。     

胆甾型侧链液晶共聚砜热转变温度的调节

采用壬烯－１与胆甾型液晶烯类单体，二氧化太进行自由基共聚合的方法来调节胆甾型侧链液晶共聚砜的热转变温度。研究内容包括：胆甾型侧链液晶共聚砜的合成、表征及性能测试。研究结果表明，该共聚砜的两个液晶转变温度均随其中壬烯－１单体单元组份含量的增加而降低。     

聚硅氧烷侧链高分子液晶的合成

合成了烯丙氧基苯甲酸对甲氧基苯酚酯（ＡＢＰＭ）和烯丙基胆甾醚（ＡＣＥ），用ＮＭＲ及ＭＳ对其结构进行了鉴定。通过上述两种化合物的末端双键与含氢硅油的Ｓｉ－Ｈ进行催化加成反应，得到了含侧链的聚硅氧烷，红外光谱证明，大部分Ｓｉ－Ｈ已参加了反应。聚合物具有液晶性，聚物和共聚物的液晶相具有不同的特点，分属于向列型，近晶型和胆甾型。     

功能侧链液晶聚丙烯酸酯的性能及应用前景

基于国内外最新研究文献，系统论述了新型功能性侧链液晶聚丙烯酸酯的液晶性质，光电性质及应用前景，指出这类聚合物一般显示热致性向列型或近晶型液晶相，液晶相转变温度和液晶态温度范围随链结构的不同发生显著变化，具有较短的电场及光场响应时间，对某些有机物质具有选择吸附能力。可望用作光学信息储存材料，气相色谱固定相材料以及复合材料的界面改性材料等。     

热致可逆变色胆甾液晶聚合物的制备和光学性能研究

合成了两种胆甾液晶单体,4-烯丙氧基苯甲酸胆甾醇酯M1和4-{4-[(4-烯丙氧基)-苯甲酰氧基]丁氧羰基}苯甲酸胆甾醇酯M2。将两种单体按一定比例与含氢聚硅氧烷(PMHS)共聚得到了一系列侧链液晶聚合物P1-P6。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(1 H NMR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)、偏光显微镜(POM)和X射线等手段对单体及聚合物的结构、液晶性能和相行为进行了表征。通过分析表明单体M1、M2和聚合物为热致胆甾型液晶,聚合物在常温具有选择性反射现象,在升温—降温—再升温的过程中反射波长随温度升高发生蓝移,且聚合物具有良好的热稳定性和可逆变色性。     

新型液晶聚合物—聚电解质／表面活性剂复合物的合成及其凝 …

在水溶液中合成了等当量电荷比的大分子复合物－线型聚丙烯酸／十六烷基三甲基氯化铵复合物。ＤＳＣ,Ｘ射线衍射及偏光显微镜观察研究发现,在－６０℃至复合物热分解的温度范围内该复合物有一明显的从晶相互液晶相的相转变过程,液晶态一直持续到复合物的热分娩妥温度,是一很宽温度范围的热致液晶。偏光显微镜研究研究表明,该复合在氯仿溶液中,当浓度不低于２０％时是一溶致液晶。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...