核热推进系统氢气物性及流动换热模型分析

为开展关于核热推进反应堆堆芯的稳态热工水力计算,基于现有针对压水堆的系统分析程序,添加了氢气的物性模型及流动换热和摩擦阻力关系式,并采用公开文献中的数据进行验证。结果表明采用上述模型计算得到的结果与参考值符合较好,二次开发的程序适用于氢气的流动换热计算。针对一种折流式核热推进反应堆堆芯,使用该系统程序建模并计算,得到了堆芯的流量、焓升等分布情况。研究结果表明,对于折流式核热推进反应堆,内外堆芯燃料元件之间的导热会增强堆芯释热不均,对堆芯的稳态热工水力特性有较大影响,堆芯物理方案的设计应结合热工水力方面的计算。本研究可为核热推进系统内氢气流动换热计算提供借鉴。     

核热推进系统氢气物性及流动换热模型分析

为开展关于核热推进反应堆堆芯的稳态热工水力计算,基于现有针对压水堆的系统分析程序,添加了氢气的物性模型及流动换热和摩擦阻力关系式,并采用公开文献中的数据进行验证。结果表明采用上述模型计算得到的结果与参考值符合较好,二次开发的程序适用于氢气的流动换热计算。针对一种折流式核热推进反应堆堆芯,使用该系统程序建模并计算,得到了堆芯的流量、焓升等分布情况。研究结果表明,对于折流式核热推进反应堆,内外堆芯燃料元件之间的导热会增强堆芯释热不均,对堆芯的稳态热工水力特性有较大影响,堆芯物理方案的设计应结合热工水力方面的计算。本研究可为核热推进系统内氢气流动换热计算提供借鉴。     

熔盐反应堆辐射效应分析

由于熔盐反应堆燃料熔盐的流动特性,堆芯内部物理过程呈现出强烈的耦合特性。基于有限元方法和离散坐标方法的耦合模拟,对熔盐反应堆内部的反应堆物理-热工水力-辐射传热过程进行了全耦合研究,着重分析了辐射效应对反应堆内部温度及流场的影响。数值模拟结果表明,虽然堆芯内部的辐射效应对于流动过程影响不大,但对反应堆内部的整体温度有明显的影响,尤其对堆芯出口位置影响明显。因此,在熔盐反应堆的设计及安全分析中,堆芯内部的辐射效应不能忽略。     

基于非结构网格输运模型的核-热耦合程序的开发与验证

反应堆内存在着中子物理、流动传热等多种物理场的紧密耦合和相互反馈。为了能准确地模拟反应堆内的真实情况，本研究针对先进复杂反应堆开发了非结构网格核-热耦合程序MORPHY。中子物理求解采用三角形变分节块法方法结合刚性限制法求解时空中子输运方程；热工水力求解基于一维的并联通道模型和圆柱导热模型。采用TWIGL基准题验证了中子动力学的准确性，堆芯相对功率与参考结果的偏差小于0.5%。与Dodds基准题结果对比，验证了程序对于非结构网格的描述能力。基于NEACRP压水堆基准题对程序的核热耦合计算能力进行验证，并分析对比了不同耦合方法、角度离散阶数对结果的影响。结果表明：MORPHY程序计算值与TWIGL、Dodds以及NEACRP基准题参考值吻合良好，能够用于堆芯稳态和瞬态核热耦合分析模拟。     

反应堆核热耦合松耦合数值仿真研究综述

在反应堆运行过程中,包含多个性质不同却相互联系的物理现象,涉及反应堆物理、热工水力、材料、系统控制等专业。本文主要探讨堆芯反应堆物理与热工水力间的相互作用,且主要关注对反应堆安全运行具有重要意义的耦合现象,对核热耦合的松耦合数值仿真研究进展进行广泛综述。本文先简要介绍核热耦合的原理方法和主流数值仿真程序,随后依据仿真程序自身特点进行科学分类,最后着重研究四类松耦合数值仿真方法现阶段的实际应用情况,给出了典型算例,并分析其计算效果及实用价值。     

摇摆运动下单相自然循环核热耦合特性研究

采用考虑6组缓发中子的点堆中子动力学模型,开发了核反馈模拟模块,并将之与摇摆条件下单相自然循环热工水力计算模型进行合并,基于Matlab软件编制了相应的计算程序,实现了摇摆条件下单相自然循环核热耦合的模拟计算。计算结果表明：摇摆条件下,与不考虑核反馈相比,考虑核反馈后核热耦合效应使系统流量降低,系统功率产生波动;系统功率的平均值随摇摆频率及振幅的增大而降低,而系统功率的振幅则随摇摆周期及振幅的增大而增大。核热耦合效应使燃料元件温度的波动振幅减小,起到了抑制燃料温度波动的作用。     

紧密排列螺旋绕肋燃料组件典型栅元研究

选取在通道形状、热工水力特性等方面接近原型组件的典型栅元,是反应堆的研究设计中重要的一环。通过适用于紧密排列螺旋绕肋组件的数值模拟方法,分析棒束规模对热工水力特性的影响。数值计算结果表明:与原型组件217棒束相比,19棒束组件的"冷壁效应"、"边壁效应"已经较弱,当量直径、阻力压降、中心通道无量纲质量流速、热通道的传热系数等关键参数的偏差小于13%,确定反映原型组件热工水力特性的典型栅元为19棒束组件。     

200MW低温供热堆堆芯实时仿真研究(英文)

200MW低温堆是一种重要的新型反应堆。其堆芯流动采用自然循环。由此建立和选择高精度的模型,主要有堆功率模型;剩余功率释热模型;堆芯热传导模型;热工水力模型;欠热沸腾模型;CHF模型等。用吉尔算法和阿当姆斯算法相互印证求解,通过确定合适的算法,实现准确地实时仿真低温堆堆芯热工水力过程。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的反应堆核-热-流耦合模拟

反应堆堆芯内部存在多种不同物理场之间的相互作用和反馈,对其准确模拟需要考虑这些物理过程之间的耦合。为了降低堆芯核 热 流耦合模拟的实现难度,消除不同物理场之间的外部插值过程,本文构建了核 热 流耦合模拟的格子Boltzmann方法（LBM）,将中子输运（包括SN方程、SP3方程以及扩散方程）、考虑燃料流动效应的缓发中子先驱核守恒方程以及流动传热方程统一到相似的LBM格式下,采用统一的LBM碰撞 迁移过程进行求解,有效降低了堆芯多物理耦合模拟的实现难度。计算结果表明：本文建立的核 热 流耦合LBM模型对不同雷诺数下的流动效应均能准确模拟,同时温度反馈在高温熔盐堆低速流动条件下有较为明显的影响,不能忽略;提高堆芯熔盐流速能够有效地展平功率及温度分布。     

自然循环沸水堆的非线性分析

本文使用分叉程序和数值模拟分析了自然循环沸水堆（ＢＷＲ）的动力学模型。两种与ＢＮＷＲ有豢的基本分叉类型（超临界和亚临界Ｈｏｐｆ分叉），在不考虑核反馈的情况下，对自然循环系统首先进行了研究。确定了上升段的节点化近似对系统的稳定性和分叉特性的影响。然后，就核－热工水力耦合时自然循环ＢＷＲ的非线性特性的强烈影响在参数研究中进行了探索。在Ⅱ类（高功率）区中，对小的过冷度和强的核－热工水力耦合情况，超临界分     

Reactivity feedback coefficients of a low enriched uranium fuelled material test research reactor at end-of-life

The reactivity feedback coefficients at end-of-life of a material test reactor fuelled with low enriched uranium fuel were calculated. The reactor used for the study was the IAEA’s 10 MW benchmark reactor. Simulations were carried out to calculate the different reactivity feedback coefficients including Doppler feedback coefficient, reactivity coefficient for change of water temperature and reactivity coefficient for change of water density. Nuclear reactor analysis codes including WIMS-D4 and CITATION were employed to carry out these calculations. It was observed that the magnitude of all the reactivity feedback coefficients increased at end of life of the reactor by almost 2–5%.     

Prospects of using different clad materials in a material test research reactor – Part 2 – The reactivity feedback coefficients

The reactivity feedback coefficients of a material test research reactor using stainless steel-316 and zircaloy-4 as clad were calculated. For this purpose, the aluminum clad of an MTR was replaced with stainless steel-316 and zircaloy-4. Calculations were carried out to find the fuel temperature reactivity feedback coefficient, clad temperature reactivity feedback coefficient, moderator temperature reactivity feedback coefficient and moderator density reactivity feedback coefficient. Nuclear reactor analysis codes including WIMS-D4 and CITATION were employed to carry out these calculations. It is observed that the average values of fuel temperature reactivity feedback coefficient, moderator temperature reactivity coefficient and moderator density reactivity coefficient from 38 °C to 50 °C, at the beginning of life, were maximum in magnitude for stainless steel-316 cladded fuel, followed by aluminum and least for the zircaloy-4 cladded fuel. The fuel temperature feedback coefficient increased in magnitude by 47.37% for stainless steel-316 and decreased by 4.72% for zircaloy-4 clad. The moderator temperature feedback coefficient increased in magnitude by 60.41% for stainless steel-316 and decreased by 3.03% for zircaloy-4 clad, while the moderator density feedback coefficient showed an increase in magnitude of 59.18% for stainless steel-316 and a decrease of 7.63% for zircaloy-4 clad. Zircaloy-4 gave a positive value for clad temperature feedback coefficient, while the others two did not have any clad temperature feedback coefficient.     

快堆三维瞬态反应性反馈计算研究

在处理快堆时空动力学计算的反应性反馈问题时，提出了一种反应性直接反馈的数学模型。结合快堆的反应性反馈机制，在快堆中子学软件NAS的基础上，给出一种在时空动力学计算中截面反馈与反应性直接反馈相结合的反馈模式。同时，将快堆并群系统加入到程序中，实现了在线并群。对中国实验快堆(CEFR)等温温升过程进行模拟，通过计算结果与CEFR温度反应性系数实验测量结果的对比，证明了本模型和程序的正确性。     

Measurement and analysis of feedback reactivity in the Monju restart core

The purpose of this study is to develop a feedback reactivity measurement technique in the Japanese prototype fast breeder reactor Monju and to validate calculation methodology to forecast the nuclear feedback phenomena. A feedback reactivity measurement technique has been developed based on a reactivity model featuring components that depend on the reactivity coefficients, denoted as reactor power (K_R) and reactor vessel inlet temperature (K_in). This technique can precisely measure the two reactivity components simultaneously and was applied to the feedback reactivity experiment conducted in the Monju system start-up test in May 2010. A thorough evaluation considering all possible biases and uncertainties demonstrated that the reactivity coefficients can be evaluated with a measurement uncertainty smaller than 3%. The evaluated reactivity coefficients were simulated considering the temperature distribution in the core. The calculated and measured values of K_R agreed within 1%, and the value of K_in was consistent with that reported in a previous isothermal temperature coefficient experiment. The measured and calculated fuel subassembly outlet temperatures also agreed well within 0.2°C, which supports the validity of the temperature calculation.     

Approximate solutions of point kinetics equations with one delayed neutron group and temperature feedback during delayed supercritical process

In the present investigation, the delayed supercritical process of a nuclear reactor with temperature feedback while inserting small step reactivity is analyzed. It is found that there exist some problems in the results obtained in the published literatures. The expression of relation between reactivity and time is derived, and the effects of the small inserted step reactivity and initial power on the delayed supercritical process are analyzed and discussed. To test the developed solution and to prove the validity of the method for application purposes, a comparison with other methods indicates the superiority of temperature prompt jump approximation. Some useful new conclusions are drawn, which can provide an important theory for the safety analysis and operating administration of the nuclear reactor.     

启明星Ⅱ号中子吸收体反应性价值测量

为验证加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）次临界反应堆设计时理论计算所使用的计算程序和核数据,在ADS启明星Ⅱ号零功率装置的铅冷堆芯中采用不锈钢元件作为中子吸收体,利用周期法对不锈钢中子吸收体的反应性价值进行实验研究。实验结果表明：吸收体的反应性价值随元件与中心径间距离的增加而降低,实验测量与理论计算的反应性价值接近,变化趋势相互吻合。经实验验证的理论计算程序和核数据可用于ADS次临界反应堆的设计。     

Effects of high density dispersion fuel loading on the kinetic parameters of a low enriched uranium fueled material test research reactor

The effects of using high density low enriched uranium on the neutronic parameters of a material test research reactor were studied. For this purpose, the low density LEU fuel of an MTR was replaced with high density LEU fuels currently being developed under the RERTR program. Since the alloying elements have different cross-sections affecting the reactor in different ways, therefore fuels U–Mo (9 w/o) which contain the same elements in same ratio were selected for analysis. Simulations were carried out to calculate core excess reactivity, neutron flux spectrum, prompt neutron generation time, effective delayed neutron fraction and feedback coefficients including Doppler feedback coefficient, and reactivity coefficients for change of water density and temperature. Nuclear reactor analysis codes including WIMS-D4 and CITATION were employed to carry out these calculations. It is observed that the excess reactivity at the beginning of life does not increase as the uranium density of fuel. Both the prompt neutron generation time and the effective delayed neutron fraction decrease as the uranium density increases. The absolute value of Doppler feedback coefficient increases while the absolute values of reactivity coefficients for change of water density and temperature decrease.     

Nonlinear analysis of nuclear coupled density wave instability in time domain for a boiling water reactor core undergoing core-wide and regional modes of oscillations

The objective of the paper is to develop a nuclear coupled thermal-hydraulic model in order to simulate core-wide (in-phase) and regional (out-of-phase) stability analysis in time domain within the limitation of desktop research facility for a boiling water reactor subjected to operational transients. The integrated numerical tool, which is a combination of thermal-hydraulic, neutronic and fuel heat conduction models, is used to analyze a complete boiling water reactor core taking into account the strong nonlinear coupling between the core neutron dynamics and primary circuit thermal-hydraulics via the void-temperature reactivity feedback effects. The integrated model is validated against standard benchmark and published results. Finally, the model is used for various parametric studies and a number of numerical simulations are carried out to investigate core-wide and regional instabilities of the boiling water reactor core with and without the neutronic feedback effects. Results show that the inclusion of neutronic feedback effects has an adverse effect on boiling water reactor core by augmenting the instability at lower power for same inlet subcooling during core-wide mode of oscillations, whereas the instability is being suppressed during regional mode of oscillations in presence of the neutronic feedback. Dominance of core-wide instability over regional mode of oscillations is established for the present case of simulations which indicates that the preclusion of the former will automatically prevent the latter at the existing working condition.     

大阶跃反应性下考虑燃料温度反馈时的中子倍增公式

用有燃料温度反馈的中子倍增公式对输入大阶跃反应性的反应堆超瞬发临界变化过程进行研究。通过与经典中子动力学数值解法进行对比,计算结果基本一致;求得不同初始功率下反应性和功率的变化规律,并进行分析讨论,得出中子数与反应性在反应性大于缓发中子总份额时呈二次函数关系,其结论可作为弹棒事故等大阶跃反应性引入的反应堆安全分析的理论依据。     

Core performance tests for the JOYO MK-III upgrade

Many changes were made in the recent upgrade of the experimental fast reactor JOYO to the MK-III design. The core changes which were made to achieve a four-fold increase in irradiation capacity includes the introduction of a second enrichment zone, an increase in core radius and a decrease in core height. Performance tests done at low power, during the rise to power, and at full power, which focus on the neutronics characteristics, are presented. These tests include the nuclear instrumentation system response, the approach to criticality and excess reactivity evaluation, control rod worth calibrations, isothermal temperature coefficient evaluation, the calibration of the nuclear instrumentation system with reactor thermal power, and the burn-up reactivity coefficient. The measurements and comparisons with calculated predictions are shown. The design predictions are consistent with the performance test results, and all technical safety specifications are satisfied. The JOYO MK-III core will provide enhanced irradiation testing capability, as well as serve as a test bed for improving fast reactor operation, performance, and safety. Through the performance test evaluation, the core characteristics of a small size sodium cooled fast reactor with a hard neutron spectrum are clarified.