生物质固体成型燃料燃烧监测技术与设备研究

介绍了典型的生物质固体成型燃料自动燃烧器和成型燃料炉排式锅炉,分析了国家相关设备的热工性能检测指标、污染物排放监测指标及国内外成型燃料燃烧设备的监测系统的差距,指出我国目前存在的燃烧设备检测监测标准缺乏、不完善,监测设备独立、单一及未成系统等问题,提出提高燃烧效率,建立统一的评价标准等相关建议,以期为我国生物质固体成型燃料产业发展提供参考。     

生物质固体成型燃料环模成型技术研究进展

综合分析了国内外生物质固体成型燃料环模成型技术、成型设备及产业发展现状.比较了生物质环模颗粒成型机和生物质环模压块成型机的性能和产品,指出了生物质固体成型燃料环模技术及设备存在着基础理论薄弱、原料适应差、易损件寿命短等问题;提出了我国生物质固体成型燃料环模成型技术的发展方向.     

河北省生物质固体成型燃料产业发展研究

随着国家城乡一体化建设的推进,能源需求量将急剧增加。生物质固体成型燃料作为重要的可再生能源,可直接用于居民炊事采暖、区域供热和工农业生产。发展生物质固体成型燃料产业,有助于实现能源、环境和经济社会的综合效益。利用好河北省的资源、技术等优势,制定科学的政策措施,将加快河北省生物质固体成型燃料产业的规模化、市场化发展。     

欧盟固体生物质燃料标准技术进展

目前,欧盟已经建立了完备的固体生物质燃料标准体系,其中包括术语;规格、分类和质量保证;取样和样品准备;物理(或机械)试验;化学试验等5方面内容,总计发布了26个技术规范.目前,我国还没有开始制定生物质固体成型燃料标准,这对固体成型燃料产业的发展是极其不利的.因此,借鉴欧盟标准,研究建立我国的生物质固体成型燃料标准体系具有重要意义.     

固体生物质燃料特性检验标准的研究

详细简要介绍了欧盟CET/TS、美国ASTM关于生物质燃料检测分析标准,并同我国生物质燃料分析检测标准进行比较,重点分析了三种检测分析标准的差异,并就主要检测分析标准内容进行了说明,为我国生物质燃料检测分析标准的完善作些有意义的工作。     

固体生物质燃料特性检验标准的研究

介绍了欧盟CEN/TS、美国ASTM关于生物质燃料检测分析标准,并同我国生物质燃料分析检测标准进行比较。重点分析了3种检测分析标准的差异,并就主要检测分析标准内容进行了说明,为我国生物质燃料检测分析标准的完善做些有意义的工作。     

生物质压缩成型燃料技术研究综述

1 引言 随着农业和农村经济的发展,生产过程中产生的废弃物不断增加,浪费现象加剧。为了保护人类自身生存的环境,并缓解能源日益短缺的矛盾,必须对越来越多的农业、林业和农副产品加工业的废料以及城镇垃圾等方面的有机物进行处理。因此,一种既能解决环境保护又能生产代用燃料的生物质压缩成型燃料技术已越来越受到人们的重视。近年来,压缩成型燃料已成为为一门新兴的学科和新办的工业,在许多国家崛起,并得到迅速的发展。压缩成型的各种燃料已先后在一些国家中作为商品销售。     

生物质固体成型燃料全生命周期评价

为探讨生物质固体成型燃料的能源效率和温室气体排放量,采用全生命周期评价分析原理,对北京地区以玉米秸秆为原料的生物质固体成型燃料进行全生命周期分析.结果表明:生物质固体成型燃料的净能量为13243.5MJ/t,能量产出投入比为10.8,其中,种植阶段、加工阶段以及秸秆运输能源消费居前三位,分别占总量的58.65％、24.23％、12.58％.CO2当量排放量为11.13g/MJ,约为煤的1/9.这说明生物质固体成型燃料具有较大的节能、减少温室气体排放的效益.     

加快制定我国生物质成型燃料的标准

生物质成型燃料是生物质能开发利用的一个重要途径。加快生物质成型燃料标准规范的制订是促进生物质成型燃料产业化发展的重要环节。借鉴欧洲国家的生物质成型燃料标准经验，从注重我国用户的使用需求、生产和运输的方便性以及燃料的清洁性出发，加快制定适合我国的生物质成型燃料标准。     

生物质成型燃料炉具

农作物秸秆、糠渣、谷壳等农林废弃物是宝贵的生物质能资源。生物质成型技术为高效再利用农林废弃物、农作物秸秆等提供了一条很好的途径。文章介绍了一种使用生物质成型燃料的炉具及其设计方法。     

我国生物质固体成型燃料CDM项目开发前景分析

生物质能领域是我国开展CDM项目的重点领域之一,而生物质固体成型燃料技术又是生物质能主要利用技术之一,但目前我国尚未有在EB成功注册的生物质固体成型燃料CDM项目。文章以农业部示范项目为例,分析了我国生物质固体成型燃料产业发展现状、开发CDM项目的可行性、适用方法学及开发潜力,认为在我国开发生物质固体成型燃料CDM项目是可行的并具有较好的开发前景,建议开发专门的小规模方法学用于指导该领域CDM项目的开发,促进其产业化发展。     

Conceptual net energy output for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass through biorefining

There is a lack of comprehensive information in the retrievable literature on pilot scale process and energy data using promising process technologies and commercially scalable and available capital equipment for lignocellulosic biomass biorefining. This study conducted a comprehensive review of the energy efficiency of selected sugar platform biorefinery process concepts for biofuel production from lignocelluloses. The process data from approximately a dozen studies that represent state-of-the-art in cellulosic biofuel production concepts, along with literature energy input data for agriculture operations, were analyzed to provide estimates of net energy production. It was found that proper allocation of energy input for fertilizer and pesticides to lignocellulosic biomass and major agriculture or forestry products, such as corn and lumber in corn farming and lumber plantations, respectively, were critical. The significant discrepancies in literature data suggest studies are needed to determine energy inputs for fuel in farming and farm machinery. Increasing solids loading in pretreatment to at least 25% is critical to reducing energy input in a biorefinery. Post thermo-chemical pretreatment size reduction approach should be adopted for energy efficient woody biomass processing. When appropriate pretreatment technologies are used, woody biomass can be processed as efficiently as herbaceous biomass and agricultural residues. Net energy output for cellulosic ethanol was estimated to range approximately from −500–2000 MJ/ton biomass (HHV base); indicating that the energy input/output ratio is approximately 1:1 for cellulosic ethanol. However, net energy can reach approximately 4000–7000 MJ/ton of biomass when energy from lignin is included.     

国内外生物航油研究现状

介绍了生物航油的特性、原料、生产方法及利用现状。用微藻生产生物航油是今后研究的主要方向,但微藻大规模培养、收集以及提取都存在问题,尚未工业化。植物油需要进行复杂的催化裂解处理,将高碳烷烃分解为低链烷烃;生物质可分解为合成气,然后以合成气为原料,利用费—托合成反应生产相当于煤油的航空代用燃料;热裂解利用生物质为原料,经快速热裂解生产液体产物,但整体产物中轻质烃的产率较低。     

Ni-BTC metal-organic framework loaded on MCM-41 to promote hydrodeoxygenation and hydrocracking in jet biofuel production

To improve catalytic performance of metal active sites in hydrodeoxygenation and hydrocracking conversion of methyl palmitate into high-quality jet biofuel, Ni-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (Ni-BTC) metal-organic framework loaded on MCM-41(Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41) was prepared to enhance the accessibility of Ni active sites, facilitating hydrodeoxygenation to increase alkane yield with suitable arene content. The distance (0.98 nm) between Ni active sites within Ni-BTC structure, which was much larger than that (0.20 nm) within Ni nanoparticles, enabled methyl palmitate with maximum molecule width of 0.68 nm to go through Ni-BTC crystalline plane and get access to Ni active sites more easily. Ni-BTC nanosheets newly assembled in pore channels of MCM-41 were beneficial to effectively screen chain molecules of alkane products. With the largest BET surface area of 1014.2 m²/g, the Ni-BTC@MCM-41 catalyst with 2.5 wt% nickel (2.5Ni-BTC@MCM-41) reduced the nickel metal consumption by 75% comparing to nickel nanoparticle loading (10Ni@MCM-41), but achieved the best catalytic performances through hydrodeoxygenation on Ni active sites and hydrocracking on -SiOH acid sites. The alkane yield increased from 23.3% to 33.9%, while arene yield reduced from 22.4% to 6.5% in jet biofuel products. This resulted in an overall jet biofuel yield of 53.2% with uniform distribution along carbon numbers. The higher heating value of jet biofuel products thus increased to a peak of 45.90 MJ/kg.     

An integrated renewable energy park approach for algal biofuel production in United States

Algal biomass provides viable third generation feedstock for liquid transportation fuel that does not compete with food crops for cropland. However, fossil energy inputs and intensive water usage diminishes the positive aspects of algal energy production. An integrated renewable energy park (IREP) approach is proposed for aligning renewable energy industries in resource-specific regions in United States for synergistic electricity and liquid biofuel production from algal biomass with net zero carbon emissions. The benefits, challenges and policy needs of this approach are discussed.     

Assessment of basic properties and thermal analysis of hybrid biofuel blend

Among the alternative fuels, vegetable oil is seen as a potential source of energy due to its readily available variety of sources and its certain physical properties that are comparable to those of diesel fuels. However, higher contents of triglyceride in vegetable oil contribute to higher viscosity and density that is affecting the inferior engine performance and emissions. The key properties, such as viscosity, density, and calorific value (CV), have a significant effect on fuel atomization, fuel combustion, and exhaust emissions. In this study, refined palm oil (RPO) was blended with a newly introduced novel biofuel, Melaleuca cajuputi oil (MCO), in order to reduce the viscosity and density and enhance blend properties. This blend is analyzed and compared with RPO–diesel and RPO–ethanol blends in terms of viscosity, CV, and density. These hybrid binary biofuel (HBB) blends were prepared on the volumetric basis of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% of MCO, ethanol, and diesel with RPO. The basic fuel properties and the correlation of temperature–viscosity–blend ratio were analyzed. The results showed that the MCO has comparable key properties to those of diesel fuels. The viscosity and density of HBB decrease as the fraction of MCO/ethanol/diesel increases in the blend. The higher the fraction of MCO/diesel in the blend, the higher is the CV observed. Notably, the viscosity of neat RPO and its blends is strongly influenced by temperature variations. The combination of blend technique and preheating had a substantial effect in reducing the viscosity and density of the HBB. Remarkably, the blend of MCO–RPO has the potential to highly considered as a new source of biofuel.     

Use of bioelectrode containing DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes for enzyme-based biofuel cell

Biofuel cells that utilize enzymes are attractive alternatives to metal catalyst-based cells because they are environmentally friendly, renewable and operate well at room temperature. Glucose oxidase (GOD)/laccase based biofuel cells have been evaluated to determine if they are useful power supplies that can be implanted in vivo. However, the usefulness of GOD/laccase systems is limited because they produce low level of electrical power. The effects of DNA-wrapped single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the electrical properties of a fuel cell are evaluated under ambient conditions in an attempt to increase the electrical power of an enzyme-based biofuel cell (EFC). The anode (GOD) and cathode (laccase) system in the EFC is composed of gold electrodes that are modified with DNA-wrapped SWNTs. Glucose (for anode) and O₂ (for cathode) are used as the substrates. The anodic electrical properties increase significantly with a bioelectrode that contains DNA-wrapped SWNTs as an electron-transfer mediator. Furthermore, the modified bioelectrode results in increased activities and stabilities of GOD and laccase, which enhance power production (442 μW cm⁻² at 0.46 V) compared with a basic EFC.     

US appliance efficiency standards

The concept of appliance efficiency standards, as well as the appropriate level for them, have become controversial issues in the USA. The Reagan administration's official rejection of standards appears to have been based on ideological grounds, rather than on quantitative economic analysis. The authors propose a method for choosing an appropriate level of standards based on conservative economic criteria and the benefits are analysed. A comparison is made with other levels and criteria that have been proposed in the past. Finally, consideration is given to the regulatory approaches that might be taken to achieve the proposed efficiency levels.     

750 kW生物质燃料下吸式气化炉的设计

目前推广的生物质气化集中供气系统的用户规模大都在100—200户左右．这种小型的供气系统只能满足单一的炊事用气需求,而且系统的单位建设成本高。下吸式气化炉是生物质气化集中供气系统中的核心设备,建设中等规模的生物质气化集中供气系统的关键技术是对下吸式气化炉进行设计,文中介绍了750kW生物质燃料下吸式气化炉的设计过程。