高导热石墨膜的制备及表征

将不同厚度杜邦聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜进行压制炭化、石墨化处理得到PI石墨膜。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、、拉曼光谱等测试手段分析了PI薄在高温热处理过程中的结构演变。研究结果表明,50μm厚PI膜经3 000℃高温石墨化后能形成三维有序堆积的石墨层状结构和较为完整的石墨晶体,其石墨片层间距为0.336nm,层片堆积高度达到65.94nm,石墨化度高达93%,室温面向电阻率为0.48μ!·m,实测面向热导率达到了994 W/(m·K)。随着热处理温度的提高,PI膜微晶由无定型向有序类石墨结构转变,其结晶度和层片取向程度提高,石墨晶体逐渐完善。PI膜厚度越大,其类石墨晶体生长发育越困难,层片择优取向程度越低。     

中间相炭微球成型体热处理过程中的宏观性能

用中间相炭微球(MCMBs)为原料,冷模压成型,再经过热处理后得到高密高强模压炭/石墨材料.考察MCMB成型体在热处理过程中的宏观变化,探索其收缩规律.实验结果表明,在热处理过程中,MCMB成形体的炭化失重主要发生在低温处理阶段,900℃炭化失重已超过90%,而尺寸收缩主要发生在高温炭化阶段,其中热处理温度在900℃～2000℃阶段其体积收缩超过了总体积收缩的45%.     

以中间相沥青为粘结剂的低密度高导热炭纤维网络体的研究

以中间相沥青为粘结剂, 采用500 ℃低温炭化炭纤维, 经低压模压成型、炭化和石墨化后得到低密度高导热炭纤维网络体。与以1300 ℃炭化炭纤维为原料和以酚醛为粘结剂制备的炭纤维网络体进行了比较。对粘结剂炭收率(热重分析)、样品微观形貌(扫描电子显微分析)、石墨化度及微晶尺寸(X射线衍射分析)等进行了表征。研究结果表明: 由于高炭收率和高片层取向度的中间相沥青与500 ℃低温炭化处理炭纤维共同经历后续热处理时呈现出相近的热收缩率, 因而具备良好的相互粘结性和石墨片层铆接效应, 其制备的炭纤维网络体经石墨化后密度为0.317 g?cm ^-3, 由此制备的相变复合材料的面内热导率为19.30 W·m ^-1·K ^-1, 较纯相变材料(石蜡)提升了80倍, 明显高于以1300 ℃炭化炭纤维为原料, 以中间相沥青和酚醛分别为粘结剂制备样品的面内热导率(17.03和14.47 W·m ^-1·K ^-1)。     

高定向石墨块的控制制备及其导热性能影响因素研究

以廉价易得的高结晶度天然鳞片石墨(NG)和中间相沥青为原料, 采用中温热模压一次成型再高温炭化、石墨化处理可以制备高密度、高定向、高导热石墨块体材料。XRD、SEM和PLM分析表明该石墨块具有高度择优取向结构, 其内部石墨片垂直热压方向有序堆积排列。原料中鳞片石墨和沥青粘结剂的组成和配比以及制备工艺参数等对所制石墨材料的面向导热性能有显著影响。采用86wt%+32目鳞片石墨和14wt%AR中间相沥青在500℃、10 MPa下热模压成型的炭块经1000℃炭化、2800℃石墨化后样品的热物理综合性能较好, 其体积密度达到1.91 g/m³以上, 室温面向热导率为550 W/(m·K), 3000℃石墨化室温面向热导率高达620 W/(m·K)。     

高定向导热炭材料的研究进展

微电子及通讯技术领域的快速发展对热管理材料提出了更高要求,迫切需要设计和开发高定向导热炭材料。高定向炭材料因其较高的石墨微晶结晶度和石墨化度、有序规整堆叠的石墨烯层片,而具有典型的各向异性高导热特性。粉末状炭材料(如鳞片石墨、气相生长炭纤维、纳米碳管、石墨烯等)的热导率虽然很高,但作为导热填料制备的复合材料的整体导热效果不佳,因此其在大型高功率集成器件散热领域的应用会受到一定限制。控制炭材料内部石墨微晶大小、取向和取向连续性是实现炭材料高定向导热性的关键。通过选择合适的碳质前驱体、成型工艺和热处理条件,调控石墨烯层片连续取向得到的宏观尺寸炭材料(如柔性石墨、天然鳞片石墨模压块、高定向热解石墨、聚酰亚胺石墨膜/块体、中间相沥青基炭纤维连续长丝及其复合材料等),可使石墨晶体沿(002)晶面方向保持高导热特性,实现高定向、连续、多维度可调控热传导,因此在导热、散热、热防护等领域具有广阔的应用市场。     

热处理温度对二维高导热炭/炭复合材料结构及热导率的影响（英文）

以高导热沥青基炭纤维布为增强体,中间相沥青为黏结剂,采用热模压成型及液相浸渍裂解工艺增密,并经高温石墨化处理制备二维高导热炭/炭复合材料。利用X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对经不同温度处理后的沥青基炭纤维及二维高导热炭/炭复合材料的结构和形貌变化进行表征,并考察石墨化处理温度对复合材料热导率的影响。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,纤维及复合材料内部石墨微晶尺寸增大、取向度变好,纤维与基体间界面结合紧密、裂纹减少,而基体碳层间裂纹则呈扩大趋势。此外,二维高导热炭/炭复合材料的热导率随热处理温度的升高而线性增加,经3 000℃处理后,材料热导率高达443 W/m·K。     

热处理温度对聚酰亚胺基炭纤维结构性能影响

以聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维为前驱体,经800~2800℃连续高温处理,制备出不同性能的聚酰亚胺基炭(石墨)纤维。采用元素分析、SEM、HR-TEM、Raman、纤维强力仪、电阻率仪等分析手段研究热处理温度对炭纤维(CF)元素含量、结构形貌、力学性能、传导性能等方面的影响。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,聚酰亚胺基炭纤维中碳含量从78.97%(800℃)提高到99.72%(2 800℃),非碳原子含量降低;聚酰亚胺基炭纤维表面缺陷数目增加且尺寸增大。同时,纤维的微观结构也从二维乱层石墨结构向有序的三维层状结构发展,表现为石墨化程度的提高及石墨微晶尺寸的增大;炭纤维拉伸强度先增加后降低,最大拉伸强度924.4 MPa,断裂伸长率降低,电阻率减小,热导率增加,2 800℃石墨化处理后纤维热导率为228.4 W·m-1·K-1,是800℃处理后的50.4倍。     

交联稳定化对聚酰亚胺基石墨纤维结构和性能的影响

有机纤维中分子链之间的交联稳定化是炭纤维制备过程中的重要工艺。本文首先制备了一种带羧基侧链的聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维,然后经羧基间氢键的物理交联及与1,4-丁二醇发生化学交联制备了两种不同交联方式的共聚PI纤维,最后经炭化、石墨化制备了PI基石墨纤维。借助于TG-DSC,XRD等测试方法对两种交联方式处理的共聚PI纤维进行表征,发现物理交联能显著提高共聚PI纤维的炭化收率,石墨化收率及热稳定性,并且物理交联PI基石墨纤维石墨化程度和热导率优于化学交联。随着3,5-二氨基苯甲酸(DABA)含量增加,物理交联PI基石墨纤维的石墨化程度和热导率逐渐增加,DABA含量为5%的纤维石墨化程度最优,含量10%的热导率最高为245.6 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)。     

短切炭纤维-炭复合材料的制备及传导性能和微观结构的研究

以中间相沥青基短切炭纤维和中间相沥青为原料,采用模压成型、炭化、致密化、高温石墨化等一系列常规工艺,制备了传导性能良好的炭/炭复合材料.主要考察了中间相沥青与中间相沥青基炭纤维质量配比对材料密度及传导性能的影响,并进一步研究了材料微晶参数的变化与材料性能的相关性.结果表明中间相沥青与纤维质量配比对材料的导热、导电性能以及微晶参数有很大影响.随着中间相沥青用量的增大,材料导热、导电性能均提高,石墨层间距d002减小,石墨微晶尺寸La、Lc增大;当中间相沥青与炭纤维质量比为 0.8时,制备出的炭/炭复合材料石墨微晶尺寸最大,常温传导性能最佳(垂直于压制方向的面向热导率为385W/(m·K),电阻率为2.85μΩ·m);进一步提高中间相沥青用量,石墨微晶尺寸La、Lc减小,材料的传导性能降低.     

含Ti组元炭/炭复合材料微观结构和热传导/力学性能的研究

以短切炭纤维、中间相沥青和Ti粉为原料,采用模压成型、炭化、致密化、高温石墨化等一系列常规工艺,制备了含Ti组元的炭/炭复合材料.考察了Ti组元的添加对复合材料传导性能和微观结构的影响,结果表明:Ti组元的添加能增强复合材料界面、促进晶粒的完善和长大,提高材料的传导/力学性能.当Ti含量为7.3%时,2500℃高温石墨化后所制复合材料的面向热导率最高,为482W/(m·K);进一步3000℃高温处理后材料面向热导率达556W/(m·K).同时本文探讨了Ti组元的催化石墨化机理.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from