浅谈我国水煤浆技术的开发与应用

阐述了我国水煤浆技术的发展慨况 ,对连续磨浆与间歇磨浆、湿法制浆与干法制浆进行了比较 ,讨论了有关水煤浆制备与应用的关键技术 ,如添加剂与水煤浆的新品种、水煤浆的燃烧与除灰、水煤浆的常压气化、超低灰似油水煤浆等 ,提出了提高和普及水煤浆应用的发展途径。     

水煤浆制备工艺现状及发展趋势

制备工艺是决定水煤浆浆体性能的重要因素，影响其储运和使用。综述了近年来水煤浆制备工艺的最新研究进展，包括不同种类水煤浆的制备工艺及制备环节中药剂制度、粒度级配方式的使用，按制浆原料的不同将水煤浆分为传统水煤浆和环保水煤浆，其中传统水煤浆是指制浆原料以煤基成分为主，如精煤水煤浆、低阶煤水煤浆和煤泥水煤浆，环保水煤浆则是在制浆原料上掺配了如生物质、工业废液和固体废弃物等，既可充分利用废弃物热值，又能降低处置成本，是资源化综合利用废弃物的新途径。分析对比了常规锅炉、循环流化床锅炉以及气化炉等应用场景对水煤浆的性能要求，其中常规锅炉要求水煤浆的黏度低、粒度细，制备工艺上通常采用单段磨矿工艺，循环流化床锅炉因其独特的悬浮流化燃烧方式，对水煤浆粒度和黏度的要求不高，可通过不排渣的运行方式，减少大密度床料的消耗，提高对制浆原煤的灰分含量以及灰熔融温度的包容性，气化对水煤浆的性能要求比燃烧更高，其中气化炉要求水煤浆的浆体浓度高、反应活性好，且为保证较好的雾化效果，气化水煤浆要求水煤浆颗粒的细粒度、低浆体黏度；对水煤浆制备技术的发展趋势进行了展望，提出探索低阶煤改性提质方法、超细颗粒对浆体特性的影响、拓...     

优化制浆工艺及其管理来提高煤浆质量

分析了水煤浆质量对气化及水煤气有效成分的影响,提出了"多碎少磨"降低制浆成本、提高煤浆质量、优化制浆工艺及其管理的方法和措施。并对Texaco水煤浆气化的合成氨工艺提高煤浆浓度后的效益进行了分析。     

分级研磨制备高浓度水煤浆技术研探

水煤浆气化技术已广泛应用于化工、发电及城镇燃气制备等领域。但是，在我国气化水煤浆制备行业中，目前大多数企业还采用的是单级研磨制浆（单磨制浆）工艺，这种工艺制备的水煤浆存在水煤浆粒度偏粗、级配不尽合理、浓度低等问题，直接影响水煤浆气化效率的提高。分级研磨制浆是相对传统单磨制浆开发的一项新技术，与传统单磨制浆相比，其制浆浓度可提高约3个百分点，在生产中能起到提高装置产能、降低气化氧耗和煤耗的作用。     

提高内蒙古低阶煤气化水煤浆浓度的实验研究

低阶煤的内水高、含氧官能团多、可磨性差等特点导致其成浆浓度低,不利于后续以低阶煤水煤浆为原料的气化。为了解决上述问题,以内蒙古1号,2号煤样为研究对象,对比了采用普通制浆工艺与分级研磨制浆工艺制备的水煤浆的各种性能。结果表明:分级研磨制浆工艺不仅显著提高了2种煤浆-0.075 mm粒级含量。且当固定浆体表观黏度为1200 mPa.s、粗粉与细粉质量比为70∶30时,2种煤样所制水煤浆的最高成浆浓度分别为61.39%和58.52%,比普通制浆工艺所制水煤浆的最高成浆浓度分别提高了3.92%和3.94%,成浆浓度的显著提高有利于后续的水煤浆气化。     

制浆水对水煤浆成浆性研究

考察分析了水煤浆气化项目中的混合水、滤液、塔水、火炬水分别作为制浆水水煤浆成浆性能,评价了不同灰水制浆水对煤样的成浆性。从综合成浆性能上,可以着重考虑将滤液代替自来水作为制浆水,为水煤浆气化项目中水循环利用提供依据。     

高浓度气化水煤浆制备技术

水煤浆气化有效气含量与粉煤气化相比,有一定差距,主要原因是水煤浆浓度偏低,气化时带进多余的水而造成。提高水煤浆浓度是提高水煤浆气化有效气含量的关键。介绍了近年来国家水煤浆工程技术研究中心开发的气化水煤浆提浓新技术,包括分级研磨制浆技术和间断粒度级配制浆技术。介绍了两种制浆技术的原理及工艺流程,工业应用及中石化联合会的科技成果鉴定表明,与常规制浆工艺采用同种煤制备的煤浆浓度相比,分级研磨制浆技术煤浆质量分数提高3个百分点左右;间断粒度级配制浆技术煤浆质量分数提高6~8个百分点。     

提高水煤浆浓度的工艺措施及技术应用

水煤浆气化是应用广泛的一种气化技术,而水煤浆浓度作为水煤浆气化工艺的重要控制指标,直接影响着煤气化过程的氧耗、煤耗及整个气化装置的生产成本.简介水煤浆制备的技术要点,以陕西延长石油兴化化工有限公司水煤浆气化装置制浆系统为例,阐述其通过优化原料煤煤种和科学合理配煤以及新上料浆细磨系统提高水煤浆浓度的工艺措施和技术应用.实...     

多元料浆气化装置改造实践与探索

总结了靖边煤油气资源综合利用一期启动项目多元料浆气化装置运行以来的改造实践和探索，包括制浆用水、气化单元和外排废水系统的改造情况及效果，介绍了项目在水煤浆提浓、低压灰水除垢、气化炉渣综合利用等方面进行的新技术应用探索及试验情况。     

6种安徽煤的成浆特性

对淮南(张集、顾桥)、淮北(桃园、朱庄、朔里)和宿州(木瓜界)等6个煤样进行成浆性研究,并与陕西神府煤成浆性进行了对照。结果表明,6种安徽煤可磨指数比神府煤高,属易磨煤:制得的水煤浆粒度呈双峰分布,水煤浆含量、表观粘度较神府煤制得的水煤浆要高,属于易制浆煤。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。