常规工艺中消毒副产物前体物季节变化研究

对某给水厂进行了一个水文年的月度监测,重点分析了各工艺段出水的三卤甲烷和卤乙酸前体物浓度变化。结果表明,对消毒副产物前体物控制起关键作用的是沉淀工艺和过滤工艺。沉淀工艺对消毒副产物前体物的去除受到混凝效果的影响,随季节有较大波动。过滤工艺出水中三卤甲烷、卤乙酸前体物全年都呈现增长。过滤工艺出水中三卤甲烷前体物的增加明显高于卤乙酸前体物。     

常规工艺中消毒副产物季节变化研究

对某给水厂进行了一个水文年的月度监测,重点分析了各工艺段出水的三卤甲烷和卤乙酸浓度变化。结果表明,对消毒副产物控制起关键作用的工艺是预氯化(混凝)、过滤和消毒。预氯化工艺是一个很大的健康隐患,必须严格控制。在过滤工艺中同时存在消毒副产物的生成和去除两种作用,对三卤甲烷的去除率明显较高,而卤乙酸在过滤前后变化不大。在清水池消毒过程中游离氯会与消毒副产物前体物继续反应生成消毒副产物。     

臭氧及其高级氧化工艺对消毒副产物的控制研究

饮用水处理中产生的消毒副产物(DBPs)具有致癌致突变等健康风险,且其在水中广泛存在,引起了水处理行业的广泛关注。DBPs的前体物主要是消毒前未被水处理工艺去除,且能与消毒剂反应形成DBPs的有机物或无机离子。在消毒前,通过增设新的处理工艺(如预处理或深度处理工艺)以去除DBPs前体物,是控制DBPs的有效措施。臭氧及其高级氧化工艺能够有效氧化降解部分有机污染物,所以其已经成为控制某些典型DBPs的重要工艺。综述了臭氧及其高级氧化技术对典型DBPs——三卤甲烷及卤乙酸的控制效果,详细讨论了这些技术的降解效率、机理及反应动力学,以期为微污染原水条件下DBPs的有效控制提供有益参考。     

预臭氧化工艺对消毒副产物影响的生产性研究

通过进行预臭氧化—紫外线联合氯消毒工艺处理高温高藻期滦河水的生产性试验,检测和分析三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)的含量变化情况,研究了整套水处理工艺,尤其是预臭氧化单元对氯消毒副产物(DBPs)的去除效果。同时,研究了甲醛和溴酸盐这两种臭氧化副产物在处理过程中的生成情况。结果表明:在高温高藻期,预臭氧化单元对THMFP和HAAFP的平均去除率分别为12.43%和15.06%,整套工艺对THMFP和HAAFP的平均总去除率分别为39.33%和54.12%,氯消毒副产物前体物得到有效去除;出水中甲醛含量低于50μg/L,溴酸盐的含量小于6μg/L,臭氧氧化副产物得到了有效控制。     

消毒副产物总致癌风险的首要指标参数--卤乙酸

利用国际和国内饮用水中消毒副产物的一些有代表性的数据 ,计算了各种消毒副产物的致癌风险。分析结果显示 :(1)饮用水中三卤甲烷和卤乙酸浓度的相关性不好 (R2 ≤ 0 4887) ,说明不能从一类消毒副产物的浓度来推断另一类消毒副产物的浓度 ;(2 )在饮用水中消毒副产物的总致癌风险中 ,卤乙酸的致癌风险占 91 9%以上 ,三卤甲烷的致癌风险则在 8 1%以下 ;(3)饮用水中卤乙酸浓度与消毒副产物的总致癌风险之间相关性极好 (R2 ≥ 0 919)。综合以上三点 ,建议将饮用水中卤乙酸浓度作为控制消毒副产物总致癌风险的首要指标参数     

饮用水含氮消毒副产物卤化硝基甲烷研究进展

饮用水消毒工艺的改进,降低了三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)等消毒副产物(DBPs)在饮用水中的浓度,但导致出现毒性更大的含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs),卤化硝基甲烷(HNMs)便是其中的代表且具有强烈的细胞遗传毒性和致突变性,正逐渐引起人们的关注。结合国内外最新研究成果,简要介绍了饮用水消毒副产物研究历程,综述了国内外对HNMs的毒理学研究及其形成机制和分析方法,指出需要通过大量试验研究和工程应用,才能探明HNMs的形成机制并获得HNMs及其前体物的最佳控制方法。     

东太湖水源臭氧-活性炭工艺消毒副产物的生成规律与控制

对以东太湖水为水源的臭氧—活性炭处理工艺和常规处理工艺净水厂的消毒副产物生成情况进行了一年的检测,研究了臭氧—活性炭和常规处理工艺各处理单元对消毒副产物生成势的作用情况。结果表明,臭氧—活性炭和常规处理工艺的出厂水中均含有三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈等消毒副产物;与常规处理工艺相比,臭氧—活性炭处理工艺出水中的消毒副产物种类少、总量低,但三溴甲烷、二溴乙酸的生成量高;臭氧氧化能使消毒副产物生成势提高,砂滤工艺对消毒副产物生成势的去除效果稳定,混凝—沉淀工艺比其他工艺单元对消毒副产物生成势的去除效果好,活性炭工艺在夏季对消毒副产物生成势的处理效果比其他季节好。     

饮用水消毒副产物卤乙腈的研究

卤乙腈(HANs)普遍存在于饮用水中,且卤乙腈比三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)等消毒副产物具有更强的遗传毒性、细胞毒性和致癌性。介绍了卤乙腈的种类毒性、分布情况及卤乙腈前体物的种类、卤乙腈的生成过程、卤乙腈的含量控制。其中消毒副产物生成的种类和数量主要与水源水的水质特性、所使用的消毒剂种类和水处理工艺与工况有关,概述了控制卤乙腈前体物与改良消毒工艺及去除已生成的卤乙腈,以减少饮用水中卤乙腈的浓度水平。     

臭氧化-生物活性炭深度处理工艺安全性研究

介绍了采用臭氧化 生物活性炭处理的饮用水生物稳定性 ,同时对水的致突变性和消毒副产物前质等问题进行分析。研究结果表明 ,采用臭氧化工艺会导致AOC有所升高 ,但后续生物活性炭工艺将有利于提高出水的生物稳定性 ,并明显降低水的致突变活性 ;臭氧化对三卤甲烷前质和卤乙酸前质均具有很好的去除效果 ,生物活性炭对卤乙酸前质表现出较好去除效果 ,但对三卤甲烷前质的去除效果有限。总之 ,臭氧化 生物活性炭处理工艺充分发挥了臭氧化和生物活性炭两种水处理技术的优点 ,并相互促进和补充 ,是一种高效的除污染技术 ,能够充分保证饮用水的安全性     

饮用水中卤代苯醌类新型消毒副产物研究进展

卤代苯醌(HBQs)是近年来饮用水中新检出的一类未受控消毒副产物,相比于三卤甲烷、卤乙酸等受控消毒副产物,其在水中的存在浓度更低,仅为ng/L水平,而细胞毒性和遗传毒性更强,同时具有生殖发育毒性。由于长期接触HBQs可能存在健康风险,综述了饮用水中目前HBQs的存在水平、前驱物、毒性及生成影响因素、控制与去除技术等进展,拟为将来对HBQs的深入研究提供支持,对其潜在健康风险的评估和饮用水卫生标准的制定提供科学依据。     

Regional variability of disinfection by-products in Canadian drinking water

The chlorination of drinking water forms various disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which present potential risks to humans. This study investigates occurrences, trends, and regional and seasonal variability of DPBs in two Canadian provinces: Ontario and Quebec. The findings demonstrate that trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) can be represented better by region-based analysis than by province-based analysis. THMs in summer months are much higher than in cold months, while HAAs show variable results. The seasonal and regional variability of DBPs can have implications for the selection of DBP sampling locations, sampling frequency, regulatory limitations of DBPs, exposure analysis and risk characterization.     

Correlations between surrogate nitrogenous organic precursors and C-, N-DBP formation

Nitrosamines have been emerging as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using source water impacted with domestic wastewaters. Nitrogenous organic compounds are suggested as precursors of nitrosamines, but many of them have not been identified. This study investigated the correlations between nine selected nitrogenous organic compounds with different characteristics and corresponding disinfection by-product formation potentials (nitrosamines, trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) from their reactions with free chlorine, chlorine dioxide and monochloramine. Besides dimethylamine, the well-known precursor of nitrosamines, 3-(N,N-dimethyloctylammonio)propanesulfonate (3-N,N-DAPSIS) inner salt and benzyldimethyltetradecylamine (benzalkonium chloride, BKC) were suggested as important nitrosamine precursors. 3-N,N-DAPSIS could form about 1,000 ng/L of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and more than 1,000 μg/L of THMs. More than 150,000 ng/L of NDMA were observed when BKC was treated with monochloramine, and high levels of THMs (up to 2,700 μg/L) were also yielded. As expected, free chlorine produced higher levels of THMs and HAAs, and chlorine dioxide generated minor levels of traditional DBPs. Nitrosamines were mainly formed when the precursors were treated with monochloramine.     

饮用水消毒副产物的危害及控制工艺

分析饮用水中消毒副产物及其危害,从替换消毒剂和消毒方法、去除消毒副产物前驱物质、已生成的消毒副产物3个方面对国内外控制饮用水消毒副产物的研究进展进行综述。     

Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-products Formation Potential in Water Treatment

The performance of a conventional sequence (pre-ozonation, coagulation/ flocculation/ sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) and two non-conventional sequences (pre-ozonation, nanofiltration; and pre-ozonation, coagulation/ flocculation/ sedimentation, nanofiltration) on the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation potential was evaluated. Raw and treated waters were characterized in terms of molecular weight, which includes the amount of NOM removed and the qualitative changes in the NOM characteristics (molecular weight and hydrophobicity) since they could be directly related with the DBPs formation. The results demonstrate that, for the type of raw water analysed (hydrophilic with low dissolved organic carbon content, 0.99 L/(mg.m) and 1.31 mg DOC/L), both treatment sequences remove larger molecular weight compounds (>1,900 g/mol). Treated waters have the dominant fractions in the smaller molecular size fractions (<750 g/mol). However, the sequences with nanofiltration have a higher percentage of low molecular weight compounds removed (between 430 and 250 g/mol), when compared with conventional sequence, thus the water from nanofiltration sequences will have lower DBPs formation potential. The removal of the smallest molecular size fractions can be enhanced by optimising the water treatment process and the quality of water will improve relating with DBPs formation.     

Effect of ozone on disinfection by-product formation of algae

The presence of algae in a drinking water source can have a significant impact on the treatment of that water. Algae and their extracellular organic matter can be precursors for disinfection by-product (DBP) formation which is of concern for treatment plants that employ pre-chlorination. This research examined the DBP formation of suspensions of Scenedesmus quadricauda a green alga, and the effect of ozonation on that formation. Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was found to increase by 10% to 3090 when preozonation was applied versus non-ozonated samples. A slight increase in haloacedc acid (HAA) formation was also observed in the ozonated samples. Ozonation caused an increase in the dissolved organic carbon content of the algal suspension, thereby increasing the concentration of precursors. The alkalinity of the water did not significantly affect the formation potential of either THMs or HAAs.     

Disinfection by-products and microbial contamination in the treatment of pool water with granular activated carbon.

For swimming pools, it is generally agreed that free chlorine levels have to be maintained to guarantee adequate disinfection. Recommended free chlorine levels can vary between 0.3 and 0.6 mg/L in Germany and up to 3 mg/L in other countries. Bathers introduce considerable amounts of organic matter, mainly in the form of such as urine and sweat, into the pool water. As a consequence, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Regulations in Germany recommend levels of combined chlorine of less than 0.2 mg/L and levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) of less than 20 microg/L. Haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), chloropicrin and chloral hydrate are also detected in considerable amounts. However, these compounds are not regulated yet. Swimming pool staff and swimmers, especially athletes, are primarily exposed to these byproducts by inhalation and/or dermal uptake. In Germany, new regulations for swimming pool water treatment generally require the use of activated carbon. In this project, three different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) (one standard GAC, two catalytic GACs) are compared for their long time behaviour in pool water treatment. In a pilot plant operated with real swimming pool water, production and removal of disinfection byproducts (THMs, HAAs, AOXs), of biodegradable substances (AOC), of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, coliforms, HPC) as well as the removal of chlorine and chloramines are monitored as function of GAC bed depth. Combined chlorine penetrates deeper in the filter bed than free chlorine does. However, both, free and combined chlorine removal efficiencies decrease over the time of filter operation. The decreases of removal efficiencies are also observed for parameters such as dissolved organic carbon, spectral absorption coefficient, adsorbable organic carbon and most of the disinfection byproducts. However, THMs, especially chloroform are produced in the filter bed. The GAC beds were contaminated microbially, especially with P. aeruginosa. The contamination was not removable by backwashing with chlorine concentrations up to 2 mg/l free chlorine.     

Effect of peracetic acid, ultraviolet radiation, nanofiltration-chlorine in the disinfection of a non conventional source of water (Tula Valley).

Water supply for human consumption requires certain quality that reduces health risks to consumers. In this sense, the process of disinfection plays an important role in the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. Even though chlorination is the most applied process based on its effectiveness and cost, its application is being questioned considering the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Therefore, alternative disinfectants are being evaluated and some treatment processes have been proposed to remove DBPs precursors (organic matter. This paper reports the results of disinfection of a non conventional source of water (aquifer recharged unintentionally with raw wastewater) with peracetic acid (PAA) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) as well as nanofiltration (NF) followed by chlorination to produce safe drinking water. The results showed that a dose of 2 mg/L PAA was needed to eliminate total and faecal coliforms. For UV light, a dose of 12.40 mWs/cm2 reduced total and faecal coliforms below the detection limit. On the other hand, chlorine demand of water before NF was 1.1-1.3 mg/L with a trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of 118.62 microg/L, in contrast with chlorination after NF where the demand was 0.5 mg/L and THMFP of 17.64 microg/L. The recommended scheme is nanofiltration + chlorination.     

饮用水消毒副产物的危害及去除途径

介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的产生及其危害,并从加强水源水保护,采用替代消毒剂和消毒方法,去除消毒副产物的前驱物质、消毒过程中已产生的消毒副产物,制定严格的饮用水水质标准5个方面论述和比较了饮用水中消毒副产物的各种去除途径及进展,并指出了去除副产物过程中存在的问题.