Rationalisierung des Zeichnungswesens im Chemie-Apparatebau

Rationalizing drawings for chemical apparatus . For small and medium-sized manufacturers of apparatus, producing drawings may constitute a disproportionate waste of time and personnel, particularly when no new designs are involved but only modification or improvement of drawings supplied by the customer. One possibility for rationalizing drawing is to simplify the old-fashioned approach by using symbols for frequently drawn or standard items, or by listing alphanumerically. This presumes a kind of systematization permitting determination of those symbols and their reasonable use, as well facilitating rationalization by means of data processing. There are different approaches to computer-aided drawing (from computer controlled drawing-board to interactive screens); here a CAD programme is presented which was especially developed for graphic presentation of chemical apparatus, and which can be used without learning a programming language.     

Schadensuntersuchung an organischen Werkstoffen im Chemie-Apparatebau

Investigation of damage to organic materials in chemical apparatus engineering . There are many different possible causes for the failure of structural elements or of linings and coatings made of organic materials under such load conditions as those found in chemical plant. Despite the general suitability of the engineering plastics used, design and manufacturing defects are often the cause of premature failure. Installation faults are also found on occasion. Other sources of damage include the chemical and physical effects of media on organic materials. These are due in part to the unsuitability of the material used, the effect of corrosive components in the media involved often being either not recognized or underestimated; on the other hand, the damage may also be caused by inherent stresses in the structural elements in conjunction with the physical or chemical effects of the media, resulting in stress cracking or stress corrosion cracking. Damage cases of this type are described on the basis of numerous examples, the causes ascertained through intensive investigation of the damage and suitable remedies described.     

Spezielle Korrosionsschutz-Maßnahmen im Chemie-Apparatebau

Special corrosion protection measures in fabrication of chemical equipment. An essential pre-condition for uninterrupted and safe operation of equipment is a proper selection of materials with regard to service conditions, design, and fabrication. In case of difficulties with the application of unprotected metallic materials suitable additional measures must be applied to ensure proper performance of the equipment. Basically, there are four types of measures. The material can be improved by modification of the composition or fabrication (e. g. powder metallurgical, remelt techniques, accurate welding); the material can be protected by the application of a duplex-system (lining, cladding, plating); the electrochemical performance of the metal can be influenced by superimposed currents (cathodic/ anodic protection); and last but not least a change in service conditions can meet the requirements for materials performance. To ensure satisfactory performance of protective measures, supervision of application, installation, and in-service behaviour is a must.     

Schwingungen im Chemiebetrieb

Vibrations in chemical engineering. In the planning of plant attempts are made from the very beginning to eradicate potential causes of vibration by calculation and special design. Experience gained in the commissioning of new plant however, has shown that this aim is not always successful. Usually the causes of vibration have to be found and suitable remedial measures taken to counteract them, but this often proves very time-consuming. The present article deals with the vibrations met with in practice by the author and gives an overview of the general causes of vibrations occurring in chemical plant.     

Projektmanagement im Anlagenbau

Project management in plant construction. Project management is a management concept increasingly employed in project execution both by industry and administration. There are variants to this management concept allowing it to be readily adapted to individual applications. Engineering companies are typically confronted with multi-project management tasks, i. e. they handle concurrently a great variety of projects differing in size, complexity, and duration. For each project, specialists from various disciplines of the company have to be coordinated across department lines and their performance channelled under project management leadership. Matrix project management lends itself particularly well to this task, the personality of the project manager playing a central role.     

Fett-Transport im Plasma

Fat Transport in Plasma The lipids in plasma are transported in the form of plasma lipoproteins (PL). Based on the difference in their protein-lipid composition, PL can be classified into four fractions which possess different transport functions. Owing to its structure, the protein moiety of the PL has a deciding function, and therefore it is of paramount significance in the fat metabolism.