Faserstruktur und Färbeeigenschaften von Cellulosefasern, 1. Zusammenhänge zwischen Veränderungen der Faserstruktur und der Farbstoffadsorption bei Baumwolle durch Mercerisation und Flüssigammoniak-Behandlungen

Changes of fiber structure and the adsorption of direct dyes in cotton subjected to different kinds of mercerisation and liquid ammonia treatment have been studied. Therefrom a new general relationship between dye adsorption and fiber structure of cellulosic fibres has been given as a result. The fiber structure in the water swollen state was characterized by measurements of specific pore volume, specific pore surface and pore size distribution. The dyeing behaviour of the different treated cotton was determined by adsorption isotherms. The results revealed that for equilibrium dye adsorption from aqueous solution a transitional pore region with pore diameters of 20–60 Å has a special importance. Changes of these pores by the different swelling treatments correlated directly with the dye uptake. This pore region is found in cotton between the elementary fibrils.     

Fraktionierung von Palmöl durch selektive Kristallisation an einer gekühlten Fläche

Fractionation of Palm Oil by Selective Crystallization on a Chilled Surface A new process for the fractionation of palm oil was studied, which enables the crystallization and separation of the components in a single processing step. The higher melting fraction is selectively crystallized on a chilled surface, while the lower melting fraction is enriched in the liquid. The influence of processing parameters on the separation was studied experimentally. It was found that the extent of separation is determined by the rate of growth of the phase interface, thickness of the boundary layer between the phase boundary and liquid, and time of fractionation. Optimum conditions are given for all parameters.     

Produktivitätssteigerung durch integrierte Produktionstechnik und Verfahrens-Know-how

Increasing Productivity through Integrated Production Engineering and Processing Expertise The future of production engineering is interdisciplinary. Between product innovation and product marketing there lies a design process which has to be optimised and which is interdisciplinary in character. The design process has to satisfy the demands of global markets on chemical products, which lead, for example, to shorter and shorter product life cycles, and to demands for low production costs, high and consistent product quality, and faster market launches.     

Nachweis gesättigter cycloaliphatischer und aromatischer Fettsäuremethylester durch Dünnschicht- und Gas-Chromatographie

Detection of the Methyl Esters of Saturated Cycloaliphatic and Aromatic Fatty Acids with Thin-layer and Gas Chromatography Homologous series of methyl esters of saturated cycloaliphatic (CFA) and aromatic fatty acids (AFA), which were prepared by the alkali isomerisation of fish oil followed by hydrogenation and fractionation of the cyclised mixture as well as with the help of cyclising hydrogenation, were analysed by thin-layer and gas chromatography. Even 0.4% CFA and AFA, which do not form urea-adducts, can be detected in the fractions as a substance class in thin-layer chromatography. The equivalent carbon numbers (stearic acid = 18) of the principal isomers of CFA and AFA homologues (C₁₈ to C₂₂), which were obtained as a class in the thin-layer chromatographic separation, were determined by the gas chromatography.