LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS OF WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS OF THE GENUS BOLETUS

Fifteen species of wild edible mushrooms belonging to the genus Boletus (phylum Basidiomycota) were examined by high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HP-TLC) analysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for the presence of neutral, glyco-, phospholipids, betaine lipids and fatty acids. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic acid (9-18:1, 15–42%), linoleic acid (9,12-18:2, 38–58%) and palmitic acid (16:0, 7–17%), but a great variation of the ester composition from one to another one was found. A comparison of neutral lipids, glycolipids, polar lipids and fatty acid composition of four species was done. Diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine and phosphatidylcholine were found as major components among polar lipids. Chemical constituents were characterized by GC-MS, HP-TLC and other chemical methods. Biologic activity of some isolated compounds from the genus Boletus is also discussed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Mushrooms are important wildlife food in the Mediterranean countries. The lipids of mushrooms, sampled from the Upper Galilee, Golan Heights and Mount Carmel areas, and also from the forest around Jerusalem, were examined. The benefits of including fatty acids in the diets of humans are well documented. Fatty acids play a major role in the functioning of the immune system and the maintenance of all hormonal systems in the body. Mushrooms from the genus Boletus are an excellent source of both fatty acids and neutral and polar lipids. Boletus mushrooms are one of the most popular treats in Israeli houses.     

野生蔬菜苦凉菜抗氧化活性

采用DPPH自由基清除法对民间食用植物苦凉菜提取物的体外自由基清除作用进行研究.结果表明:苦凉菜不同提取物对DPPH自由基清除作用差别较大,乙醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物活性较好,但较BHA和Vc非常弱,没有抗氧化价值.     

TRANSLOCATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM FROM FEED TO EDIBLE TISSUES OF SWINE1

In separate experiments, growing and/or finishing swine were fed a control diet and diets supplemented with various low levels of lead and cadmium, for periods up to 24 weeks. The levels of lead in different treatment groups were 2 (control), 6 and 21 parts per million (ppm), whereas those for cadmium were 0.2 (control), 2.4 and 10.1 ppm, respectively. Lead did not accumulate in skeletal muscles, but a dose-related increase was observed in bone, liver and kidney. In the case of cadmium, no increase was seen in skeletal muscles, bone or brain; the accumulation occurred primarily in kidney and liver. After cessation of lead supplementation the concentration of this metal declined in liver and kidney tissues. On the other hand, cadmium levels did not show any appreciable decline in kidney or liver during 12 weeks after an initial 12 weeks treatment. Lead and cadmium did not accumulate in edible muscles of swine, but the high concentrations of these metals that were recorded in liver and kidney would render these organs unfit for food purposes.     

动物性食品中磺胺类药物残留分析研究进展

介绍了动物性食品中磺胺类药物残留的来源和危害,着重对动物性食品中常见的磺胺类药物残留的分析方法进行了综述,为研究最有效的检测方法奠定了基础。     

动物源性食品中磺胺类药物的多残留酶联免疫测定方法研究进展

综述了动物源性食品中磺胺类药物多残留检测的酶联免疫测定方法研究进展.分别对磺胺药物特异性抗体制备的基本原理,栽体与半抗原的连接方法,异源系统在磺胺药物多残留检测中的应用现状进行了详细阐述.     

食用昆虫资源的研究与开发进展

从食用昆虫的历史、食用昆虫的营养价值、保健功能和食用昆虫的产业化等方面介绍了食用昆虫资源开发的研究进展.目前,食用昆虫研发方面仍存在食用昆虫的营养成分分析不够透彻、开发投资力度不够、人们对昆虫的营养保健功能认识不足等主要问题.针对上述问题本文提出了几条解决对策：对食用昆虫营养保健作用加大宣传力度,以药用昆虫产业带动食用昆虫产业发展,大力开发昆虫保健食品,建议政府部门加大对食用昆虫开发的投资力度.     

云南4种红菇类野生食用菌营养成分分析及评价

对盛产于云南的4种红菇类野生食用菌,采用国内外公认的标准方法进行蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、膳食纤维、水分、无机元素、维生素等全营养成分分析及评价,并对传统烹调加工方法对VB1、VB2的影响进行深入研究,为科学合理地开发利用云南丰富的野生食用菌资源提供科学依据.     

THE DETERMINATION OF RESIDUES OF ETHYLENEBISDITHIOCARBAMATES AND THEIR HOMOLOGUES IN HOPS

Residues of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and homologous fungicides are determined by hydrolysis with boiling sulphuric acid and colorimetric measurement of the liberated carbon disulphide. By its nature, the method is not specific for individual fungicides of this type but is simple and considered suitable for the screening of hop intake samples. Following the proposed introduction of a contractual residue limit of 60 mg/kg, this method was used by various laboratories to survey the 1980 and 1981 hop crops.     

THE INCIDENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF WILD SACCHAROMYCES CONTAMINANTS IN THE BREWERY

The persistence of low levels of contamination by non-brewing Saccharomyces through several batch fermentations establishes the immuno-fluorescent method as a very sensitive procedure for estimating the microbiological purity of pitching yeasts. Trade return figures for draught beers show that in this brewery the principal cause for high rejection rates has, on several occasions, been contamination of pitching yeasts with “wild” Saccharomyces. The recommendation is made that pitching yeasts should be discarded when the level of infection achieves 100 cells of wild Saccharomyces per million cells of brewing yeast.     

七种野菜硝酸盐和Vc含量的研究

对采自粤东地区的7种野生蔬菜的可食部分中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和Vc的含量进行测定，并参考WHO建议亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的ADI值，进行卫生评价，结果表明，被测7种野菜的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量都低于限量标准；同时发现这7种野菜的Vc含量很高，营养丰富。     

PREVALENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES IN MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE STATE OF KUWAIT

ABSTRACT

Approximately, 1,000 locally produced and imported milk and dairy product samples were collected at different seasonal periods from different farms and retail outlets in Kuwait, and screened for the presence of four antimicrobial residues (beta‐lactams, tetracyclines sulfonamides and chloramphenicol) using Charm II system. Results indicated that 29.1% of the analyzed local fresh milk samples were above the maximum residue level (MRL) for tested residues with tetracycline as predominant residue. The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in imported pasteurized milk samples (5.4%) was higher than that of local pasteurized milk samples (3.4%). No residues were detected in powdered and condensed milk samples imported from the European Union (EU) countries with the exception of tetracyclines. Results also showed that 9.4% of the analyzed imported cheese samples were above the MRL for tested residues, while tested ice cream samples were negative for antimicrobial residues. The significant presence of antimicrobial residues, particularly chloramphenicol, in raw and pasteurized milk, clearly implies the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in animal farms in Kuwait and neighboring countries, and implies the need for stricter regulations on antimicrobial drug usage in the dairy industry.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This article addresses the generation of a baseline data on the current presence of four antimicrobial residues in locally produced and imported milk and dairy products in the state of Kuwait. The outcome of this study will provide valuable baseline information for local governmental authorities for effective monitoring for the use and misuse of agricultural antimicrobial drugs. Such data will also be important for other Gulf Cooperation Council countries, because such countries share similar farming practices and import comparable foodstuffs.

     

12种市售食用花卉中总黄酮与总甾体的含量测定

测定12种市售食用花卉中总黄酮和总甾体的含量.利用乙醇回流提取,NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH显色法测定总黄酮含量;利用石油醚回流提取,Liebermann-Burchard显色法测定总甾体含量.不同花卉中总黄酮和总甾体的舍量分别为:茉莉花10.09%、0.43%,金银花9.47%、0.27%,丁香13.06%、0.30%,勿忘我4.83%、0.10%,栀子花1.33%、0.40%,厚朴花1.64%、0.31%,花卉槐花10.09%、0.17%,花卉红花1.75%、0.85%,玫瑰花5.50%、O.11%,野菊花12.14%、1.02,迷迭香6.91%、0.50%,菊花4.83%、0.78%.所测12种食用花卉中总黄酮和总甾体的含量差异较大,总黄酮的含量以丁香最高,野菊、茉莉、花卉槐花次之,厚朴花、栀子最低;总甾体的含量以野菊花最高,红花、菊花、迷迭香次之,玫瑰花、勿忘我最低.     

动物性食品中兽药残留现状及对策

介绍了我国兽药残留问题的现状，详细分析了兽药残留的危害和兽药残留的原因，概述了兽药残留检测方法的研究进展，并提出了解决兽药残留问题的对策和建议。     

PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN BEEF TISSUES FROM CATTLE FED FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND THEIR BYPRODUCTS

Muscle, adipose, liver and kidney tissue samples were collected from cattle fed potato processing residue (n=20), apple pomace (n=20), pear pomace (n=10), cannery corn waste (n=20), cotton gin trash (n=20), tomato pomace plus almond hulls (n=16), dried grape solids (n=10) or dried citrus pulp (n=6) as well as from control cattle which were not fed fruits, vegetables or their byproducts (n=21). All adipose tissue samples (n=143), representative samples of the above feeds (n=24) and representative samples of muscle (n=35), liver (n=35) and kidney (n=35) tissues were assayed for acephate, benomyl, captafol, cypermethrin, folpet, azinphos-methyl, captan, chlorothalonil, ethyl parathion, and permethrin. In 2,720 tests for the aforementioned oncogenic pesticides, eight tests were positive, but no residue amount that would be considered violative was detected. The only pesticide detected was benomyl and it was detected at nonviolative levels in the adipose tissue of cattle that had been fed either apple pomace or pear pomace.     

杭州市区牛奶中几种无机盐和维生素含量的测定

我们于春夏秋冬四季采集杭州市区主要乳制品厂的原料奶进行分析,以测定四个不同季节的牛奶试样的无机盐 (铁、铜、钠、钾、钙、镁、磷、硫) 和维生素(A,B_1,B_2,C,E) 的含量的季节性变化。经过12个月的测定,得出以下结论:饲料、饲养条件对无机盐和维生素有明显的影响,其中季节对脂溶性维生素和金属无机盐含量的影响占优势,对B族维生素和非金属无机盐含量的影响则不显著。     

DETECTION OF WILD YEASTS IN THE BREWERY

The potential of an established culture medium, Wallerstein Laboratories' nutrient agar, for the detection of wild yeasts has been evaluated and recommended for microbiological quality control in brewery laboratories. Wild yeast strains, including Saccharomyces species, can be differentiated from strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the colour, form and rate of growth of their colonies on this medium within 2–3 days. The sensitivity of the method is such that one wild yeast can be detected in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae population of the order of 10° cells.