Nutritional evaluation of high protein genotypes of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) leeke)

Three high protein (HP) inbred lines (700112, WC-190 and B-816) of pearl millet were studied for their nutritional quality and the results compared with those of normal protein varieties. The protein content of HP lines showed an average increase of 60% but the starch and soluble sugars together and the fat content decreased by 40 and 20%, respectively. Total dietary fibre of the HP lines was about 10% higher. A decrease (about 20%) in the albumin fraction was associated with an increase in prolamin in HP lines. The amino acid composition of the HP lines remained normal except for an approximately 16% decrease in lysine. However, the total amount of lysine in the sample increased by an average of 37%, as a result of a substantial increase in protein content. True protein digestibility was very high for each line but, expectedly, the biological value was markedly lower. The values for utilisable protein were highest for high protein genotypes. Digestible energy was high in all the genotypes, although slightly lower values were obtained for the HP lines; this was attributed to the fibre fractions.     

Cooking characteristics,chemical composition and protein quality of newly developed genotypes of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L)

Eight newly developed pigeonpea genotypes (ICPL 87, ICPL 151, ICPL 270, ICPL 366, ICPL 87051, ICPL 87063, ICPL 87067, and ICPV 1), and the two controls (BDN 2 and C 11) were analysed for cooking quality parameters and chemical composition, including amino acids and minerals. Protein quality was evaluated by determining the true protein digestibility, biological value, net protein utilisation (NPU), and utilisable protein. These genotypes differed significantly (P < 0–01) in the dhal cooking time. Sensory properties of dhal of these genotypes were found to be within the acceptable range, even though there were considerable differences among genotypes. Dhal protein, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron contents of these genotypes showed noticeable differences. Calcium content of ICPL 87067 was the highest (85-6 mg per 100 g) and of ICPL 87 the lowest (54-4 mg per 100 g) indicating large differences among the newly developed genotypes. No noticeable differences in sulphur-containing amino acids of these genotypes were observed. NPU was the highest (65–4%) for ICPL 366 and the lowest (56–6%) for ICPL 270 and ICPL 87067 indicating significant (P < 0–01) differences among genotypes studied.     

脱脂油棕谷蛋白-2的 营养价值与功能特性

为促进油棕蛋白在食品中的应用,本试验对油棕谷蛋白-2的营养价值和功能特性展开研究。首先采用逐步提取法从脱脂油棕中提取谷蛋白-2,测定其氨基酸组成、体外消化吸收率、生物价、乳化性和黏度。结果表明,脱脂油棕谷蛋白-2中必需氨基酸总含量(48.65 g/100 g)显著(P<0.05)高于FAO/WHO的推荐值(12.7 g/100 g),其含硫氨基酸(半胱氨酸+甲硫氨酸)、支链氨基酸(亮氨酸、异亮氨酸)和天冬酰胺的含量也较高。此外,脱脂油棕谷蛋白-2的生物价为63.03,体外消化吸收率为70.02 g/100 g,因此其营养价值较高。Bigelow参数分析表明,脱脂油棕谷蛋白-2中极性氨基酸与非极性氨基酸的比值为2.18,表面疏水性为37.29。SDS-PAGE分析表明,脱脂油棕谷蛋白-2的分子量为22.1~133.5 kDa,主要由5个亚基组成,且亚基之间有二硫键。功能特性分析表明,脱脂油棕谷蛋白-2的乳化性(251.58±5.28) m²/g和乳化稳定性(84.40%)很高,显著(P<0.05)高于大豆分离蛋白(32.57 m²/g);其泡沫稳定性(17.61%)和黏度(21.33 cP)与大豆分离蛋白接近。本试验结果表明脱脂油棕谷蛋白-2的营养价值较高、功能特性较好,具有开发为营养强化剂、乳化剂、增稠剂等产品的潜力。     

The nutritional quality of some Pakistani wheat varieties.

The nutritional quality of some improved wheat varieties grown in pakistan was measured chemically (including amino acid analyses) and biologically in n-balance experiments with growing rats. the protein content ranged from 12.3 to 16.7%. lysine per 100 g protein varied between 2.46 and 2.90%. the protein of chenab-70, punjab-76 and barani-70 contained 16-18 % more lysine than the sa-75 having highest content of protein. iron content was highest in pari-73. the true protein digestibility (td), biological value (bv), net protein utilisation (npu) and net dietary protein calorie percent (ndp cal %) varied between 91-94 %, 58-69 %, 54-63 % and 7.4-8.8 %, respectively. available carbohydrate, lysine and biological value were lowered in varieties with a higher content of protein.     

不同烹制模式对鸡汤中鸡肉营养及风味特征的影响

研究电磁加热、电热盘加热和瓦罐烹制模式对鸡肉营养成分、质构和风味特性、蛋白质和脂肪消化性的影响。结果表明：烹制模式对鸡肉的感官品质和营养特性具有较大影响。电磁加热模式烹制鸡肉的综合感官品质优良,具有质地柔嫩、香气浓郁、滋味鲜美、风味成分较丰富等特点,同时鸡肉的维生素、脂肪、必需氨基酸含量较高,蛋白质的消化率较好;瓦罐模式烹制鸡肉中蛋白质和矿物质含量较高,脂肪消化率高;电热模式烹制鸡肉的各项指标介于上述2 种烹制模式之间,其中,电磁加热模式烹制鸡肉中的VB3含量达10.34 mg/100 g,粗脂肪含量为5.58%,蛋白质消化率为33.31%;另外,鸡肉中的醛、酮、酯类物质含量亦较高,挥发性物质种类可达37 种。总体来讲,电磁加热是一种较好的鸡肉烹制模式。     

云南野生食用菌边角料主要营养成分研究

目的为野生食用菌高值化利用与开发提供科学依据。方法以松茸、鸡枞、黄牛肝菌、白牛肝菌、青头菌5种云南野生食用菌边角料为材料,采用国家标准方法测定其主要营养成分。结果水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、水溶性化合物、总碳水化合物、全氨基酸和常见金属元素的含量在5种野生食用菌中存在极显著差异(P0.01)。其中,白牛肝菌的水分含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、粗纤维含量、水溶性成分含量和全氨基酸含量均最高(分别为88.73%、35.66%、1.76%、8.23%、40.49%、20.78%),黄牛肝菌的灰分含量最高(6.03%),松茸的总糖和总碳水化合物含量最高(分别为35.07%、58.40%)。白牛肝菌的钙、铜含量最高(分别为97.79 mg/100 g、3.13 mg/100g),鸡枞的铁、镁含量最高(分别为107.26 mg/100 g、115.37 mg/100g),松茸的锌、锰含量最高(分别为56.40 mg/100 g、5.08 mg/100 g)。结论 5种野生食用菌边角料均含有人体所需的氨基酸,主要营养成分含量存在极显著差异,属于高蛋白低脂肪,鲜嫩可口的健康食材。     

Rice Dreg Protein as an Alternative to Soy Protein Isolate: Comparison of Nutritional Properties

Rice dreg protein could be a valuable source of plant-based proteins, as an alternative to soy proteins in some food products. Here, nutritional properties of rice dreg protein were compared with those of soy protein isolate. The protein content of rice dreg protein was approximately 62.6 g/100 g sample, with large amounts of fat, carbohydrate, and ash. The denaturation temperatures of rice protein isolate from rice dreg protein were 47.4 and 97.2°C, respectively. This indicated that these proteins could be denatured during rice syrup processing to form aggregates, but were relatively more stable than rice endosperm protein and soy protein isolate. The main amino acids in rice dreg protein and rice protein isolate were Glu, Pro, Arg, Asp, and Leu, with Lys as the lowest content. Most of essential amino acids and nutritional parameters of rice protein isolate and rice dreg protein met the suggested nutritional requirements for a child according to FAO/WHO, and were relatively higher than those of soy protein isolate. In addition, rice protein isolate showed better digestibility than soy protein isolate during four hours sequential pepsin and pancreatin digestions. The final digestibility value was 96.66% for rice protein isolate compared to 91.41% for soy protein isolate. Thus rice dreg protein could potentially replace soy proteins as a good source of value-added protein for human nutrition in response to the increasing demand for plant proteins.     

Enzymatic Production of High-Protein Amaranth Flour and Carbohydrate Rich Fraction

The basic conditions of an enzymatic process to produce high-protein amaranth flour (HPAF) and carbohydrate rich fraction (CRF) from raw flour were determined. Commercial preparations of α-amylase and glucoamylase were used. Conditions for both enzymes were: 20% (w/v) slurries of gelatinized whole flour and 0.10% (v/w) enzyme; for amylase, pH 6.5, 70°C and 30 min liquefaction time; for glucoamylase, pH 4.5, 60°C and 60 min. The yield of HPAF was 38–39%. HPAF from both enzymes had 26–28% protein, 10–16% fat and 40–52% starch. Protein digestibility (76%) and reactive lysine (6.6–7.1 g/100g protein) of HPAF were comparable to raw flour. CRF had a 17–21 dextrose equivalent.     

Chemical,functional and nutritional properties of wet dehulled niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) seed flour

Niger seeds were dehulled using hot lye treatment. Dehulling of niger seeds increased the protein and fat contents from 24 to 35 and 31–53 g/100 g and decreased the crude fiber from 16.9 to 2.2 g/100 g, respectively. The defatted flour prepared from dehulled niger seeds was evaluated for chemical, functional and nutritional properties and compared to the undehulled flour. The protein content of the dehulled flour increased from 44 to 63 g/100 g. Dehulling resulted in inactivation of trypsin inhibitor activity. The dehulled flour had higher water and fat absorption capacities. However, the nitrogen solubility, emulsification capacity and foaming properties decreased. Chemical score of the dehulled flour was higher; threonine was the first limiting amino acid followed by lysine and isolecuine. The in vitro digestibility of the protein increased due to dehulling (85.5%) compared to that of undehulled flour (76%). The calculated nutritional indices, essential amino acid index, biological value, nutritional index and C-PER, were higher in dehulled flour compared to undehulled flour. The available lysine content appeared to be unchanged.     

三种红花油茶花营养成分分析及氨基酸评价

为了解红花油茶花的营养价值,以目前主要推广种植的浙江、腾冲、广宁3个红花油茶品种的花为原料,测定蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖、还原糖、多糖、氨基酸、黄酮、多酚、花青素和维生素C等主要营养成分,并进行评价。结果表明:红花油茶花营养成分丰富,其中总糖、还原糖和多糖含量较高,分别为31%³7%、17%²6%和7.1%⁸.2%,蛋白质含量在3.2%³.6%之间;抗氧化成分含量较高,黄酮和多酚含量高达3000 mg/100 g以上,花青素为251⁴16 mg/100 g,维生素C为10²1 mg/100 g;3种红花油茶花营养成分的主成分分析显示,浙江红花、腾冲红花和广宁红花油茶花中营养成分综合评分分别为2.630、-0.428和2.032,说明浙江红花油茶花的营养价值较好。3种红花油茶花的氨基酸种类齐全、含量丰富,总量介于145.65¹71.72 mg/100 g之间,均含有7种以上人体必需氨基酸;浙江红花油茶花的氨基酸比值得分最高;腾冲红花油茶花的蛋白质消化利用率最高,且其味觉氨基酸比例最优。在既定的测定范围内,综合分析表明浙江红花油茶花的营养价值最好。      

Recovery and characterization of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. kernel proteins. Effect of defatting, air classification, wet sieving and aqueous ethanol treatment on solubility, digestibility, amino acid composition and sapogenin content

In order to find alternative protein sources in African regions where protein deficiency in nutrition is prevailing, solubility, in-vitro digestibility, amino acid composition and chemical score of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. kernel proteins were investigated as a function of different processing steps including defatting, air classification, wet sieving and aqueous ethanol treatment. Air classification delivered a fine fraction of 58.1% of the total protein. Applying a wet sieving process, a protein concentrate of 72.9% protein content was achieved but the recovery was very low (35.6%). However, in case of isoelectric precipitation followed by aqueous ethanol treatment both protein content (78.2%) and recovery (53.7%) were high. Data concerning the chemical score revealed, that lysine content of the defatted kernel flour amounted to 74.2% of the recommended FAO/WHO standard level. In-vitro protein digestibility was found to be higher than of legume proteins. The digestible protein of the full fat flour, defatted flour, air classified and wet sieved fine fractions and protein concentrate were 91.9, 93.7, 82.0, 86.4 and 94.2%, respectively. The sapogenin content per 100 g protein of the investigated protein preparations was significantly lower (46% to 62%) than of the initial material (oilcake).     

Recovery and characterization of Balanites aegyptiacaDel. kernel proteins. Effect of defatting,air classification,wet sieving and aqueous ethanol treatment on solubility,digestibility, amino acid composition and sapogenin content

In order to find alternative protein sources in African regions where protein deficiency in nutrition is prevailing, solubility, in‐vitro digestibility, amino acid composition and chemical score of Balanites aegyptiacaDel. kernel proteins were investigated as a function of different processing steps including defatting, air classification, wet sieving and aqueous ethanol treatment. Air classification delivered a fine fraction of 58.1% of the total protein. Applying a wet sieving process, a protein concentrate of 72.9% protein content was achieved but the recovery was very low (35.6%). However, in case of isoelectric precipitation followed by aqueous ethanol treatment both protein content (78.2%) and recovery (53.7%) were high. Data concerning the chemical score revealed, that lysine content of the defatted kernel flour amounted to 74.2% of the recommended FAO/WHO standard level. In‐vitro protein digestibility was found to be higher than of legume proteins. The digestible protein of the full fat flour, defatted flour, air classified and wet sieved fine fractions and protein concentrate were 91.9, 93.7, 82.0, 86.4 and 94.2%, respectively. The sapogenin content per 100 g protein of the investigated protein preparations was significantly lower (46% to 62%) than of the initial material (oilcake).     

Nutritional quality of complementary food prepared from unmalted and malted maize fortified with cowpea using extrusion cooking

The nutritional quality of extruded unmalted or malted maize fortified with cowpea as complementary food was assessed based on its proximate analysis, amino acid composition and results from rat feeding with the blends. Results indicated a slight decrease and increase in protein content due to malting and extrusion respectively. The changes in fat, crude fibre and ash content were not significant. The blends were a good source of energy, ranging from 1831 to 2045 kJ per 100 g. Extrusion significantly increased the amino acid content of the blends, while malting had a varied effect on each of the amino acids. There was no significant difference in the protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR) and weight gain of rats fed the blends when compared with the control (casein diet). The present study shows that malting improved the nutritional quality of the blends. Rats fed the casein diet had higher values for total digestibility (TD) and net protein utilisation (NPU). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the internal organ weights of rats fed all blends except the protein‐free diet. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional quality of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis geitler

The nutritional quality of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis has been evaluated on the basis of its chemical and amino acid compositions and feeding trials with rats. The protein content of the alga was 58.5%, lysine 4.34 g 100 g^?1 protein, sulphurcontaining amino acids (methionine and cystine) 2.77 g 100 g^?1 protein, and nucleic acids 4%. The true protein digestibility of the alga was found to be 75.5 and its biological value (BV) 68. Supplementation of the alga with methionine (0.2%) resulted in a significant improvement in the BV and net protein utilisation (NPU), but had no effect on true digestibility (TD). TD, BV and NPU were significantly improved when the alga was supplemented with barley (50% nitrogen from both). In Chad and Mexico the alga has been used for centuries as a food. This together with its low cost of production, makes it a suitable source of high quality protein for use as a feed supplement.     

湖南石门县地方品种鸡肉氨基酸组成分析及蛋白质营养价值评价

目的 探究湖南省石门当地7个品种鸡肉中的基本营养成分及氨基酸组成差异,并对其进行蛋白质营养价值评价。方法 采用相关国家标准测定7个品种鸡肉中水分、粗灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量,并利用高效液相色谱仪对鸡肉氨基酸含量进行测定,基于联合国粮食及农业组织和世界卫生组织(Foodand Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, FAO/WHO)标准模式谱对不同品种鸡胸肉和腿肉蛋白质分别进行营养学评价。结果 7个品种鸡胸肉、腿肉中水分含量分别为71.20～74.97 g/100 g、72.65～76.22 g/100 g,粗灰分含量分别为0.90～1.38 g/100 g、0.91～1.28 g/100 g,粗脂肪含量分别为0.15～0.64 g/100 g、2.30～7.74 g/100 g,粗蛋白质含量分别为22.29～24.61 g/100 g、19.00～21.80 g/100 g,不同品种、部位间存在差异。7个品种鸡肉均检测出17种氨基酸,均以谷氨酸含量为最高;胸肉氨基酸含量高于腿肉(除壶瓶山鸡),其中青脚鸡胸肉和壶瓶山鸡腿肉的...     

Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of Jatropha protein isolate prepared by steam injection heating for reduction of toxic and antinutritional factors

BACKGROUND: Jatropha kernel contains 400–600 g oil kg^?1, and the cake obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein. The use of Jatropha cake/meal in food or feed is limited owing to the presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents. The main objective of the present study was to prepare protein isolates with reduced toxic and antinutritional factors and improved nutritional quality. RESULTS: The yield of protein isolates was 70–77%, with a protein content of 955–970 g kg^?1. The trypsin inhibitor activity was reduced by 90–97% and the phytate, tannin and saponin contents were reduced by 90, 85 and 98% respectively in the isolates, while phorbol esters and cyanogenic glucosides decreased to undetectable levels. The chemical scores for the meals and isolates were similar; methionine and cystine were the limiting amino acids. The in vitro digestibility and calculated nutritional indices (essential amino acid index, predicted biological value, nutritional index and computed protein efficiency ratio) of the protein isolates were higher than those of the meals. Protein quality as indicated by the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score was 1.0. CONCLUSION: Jatropha protein isolate prepared by steam injection has markedly reduced toxic and antinutritional constituents and hence has great potential as a rich source of protein. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds Part II. In vitro protein digestibility and amino acid profiles of protein concentrates

The nutritional values of seaweed protein concentrates (PCs) isolated from two red seaweeds (Hypnea charoides and Hypnea japonica) and one green seaweed (Ulva lactuca) were evaluated by determining their in vitro protein digestibility and amino acid profiles. Both protein extractability and in vitro protein digestibility of the red seaweed PCs (88.7–88.9%) were significantly (P<0.05, ANOVA, Tukey-HSD) higher than those of green seaweed PCs (85.7%). The total amount of essential amino acids (EAAs) in the three seaweed PCs was high (36.2–40.2% of total amino acid content). All three seaweed PCs were rich in leucine, valine and threonine but lacked cystine. However, except for sulphur-containing amino acids and lysine, the levels of all EAAs were higher than those of the FAO WHO requirement pattern. Relationships between total phenolic content in seaweeds and protein extractability as well as those between total phenolic content in seaweed PCs and in vitro protein digestibility are examined.     

Effect of partitioning the nonfiber carbohydrate fraction and neutral detergent fiber method on digestibility of carbohydrates by dairy cows

Many nutrition models rely on summative equations to estimate feed and diet energy concentrations. These models partition feed into nutrient fractions and multiply the fractions by their estimated true digestibility, and the digestible mass provided by each fraction is then summed and converted to an energy value. Nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) is used in many models. Although it behaves as a nutritionally uniform fraction, it is a heterogeneous mixture of components. To reduce the heterogeneity, we partitioned NFC into starch and residual organic matter (ROM), which is calculated as 100 ? CP ? LCFA ? ash ? starch – NDF, where crude protein (CP), long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), ash, starch, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) are a percentage of DM. However, the true digestibility of ROM is unknown, and because NDF is contaminated with both ash and CP, those components are subtracted twice. The effect of ash and CP contamination of NDF on in vivo digestibility of NDF and ROM was evaluated using data from 2 total-collection digestibility experiments using lactating dairy cows. Digestibility of NDF was greater when it was corrected for ash and CP than without correction. Conversely, ROM apparent digestibility decreased when NDF was corrected for contamination. Although correcting for contamination statistically increased NDF digestibility, the effect was small; the average increase was 3.4%. The decrease in ROM digestibility was 7.4%. True digestibility of ROM is needed to incorporate ROM into summative equations. Data from multiple digestibility experiments (38 diets) using dairy cows were collated, and ROM concentrations were regressed on concentration of digestible ROM (ROM was calculated without adjusting for ash and CP contamination). The estimated true digestibility coefficient of ROM was 0.96 (SE = 0.021), and metabolic fecal ROM was 3.43 g/100 g of dry matter intake (SE = 0.30). Using a smaller data set (7 diets), estimated true digestibility of ROM when calculated using NDF corrected for ash and CP contamination was 0.87 (SE = 0.025), and metabolic fecal ROM was 3.76 g/100 g (SE = 0.60). Regardless of NDF method, ROM exhibited nutritional uniformity. The ROM fraction also had lower errors associated with the estimated true digestibility and its metabolic fecal fraction than did NFC. Therefore, ROM may result in more accurate estimates of available energy if integrated into models.     

6个新疆核桃优系核仁营养评价

为深入研究和开发利用新疆核桃资源,选育营养价值更高的核桃品种,采用索氏抽提法、气相色谱法、凯氏定氮法、HPLC法、酸水解法、消煮和ICP法,测定了6个新疆核桃优系以及新疆现行的优良品种温185的核仁脂肪与脂肪酸、蛋白质与氨基酸、淀粉与总糖、能量和矿质元素等主要营养物质,并进行了综合评价,结果表明:优系扎210、95和阿育王及对照温185核仁的脂肪含量在65.94~67.87 g/100 g,蛋白质含量在14.22~15.37 g/100 g,脂肪和蛋白质含量均达到国家核桃坚果质量特级标准;优系扎346和阿育王核仁脂肪中MUFA质量分数分别为25.89%、32.95%,显著高于温185(20.46%),乌什49核仁脂肪中PUFA质量分数为78.69%,显著高于温185(71.69%);6个优系核仁蛋白质中EAA含量(3.00~4.56 g/100 g)均显著高于温185(2.14 g/100 g),是温185的1.4~2.1倍,除扎346外其他优系核仁蛋白质中TAA含量(12.10~16.92g/100 g)均显著高于温185(10.84 g/100 g),是温185的1.1~1.6倍;乌什49核仁中磷、钾、镁、铁、锰、铜和锌含量分别为444.71 mg/100 g,534.72 mg/100 g,197.18 mg/100 g,12.25 mg/100 g,3.44 mg/100 g,7.61mg/100 g,10.50 mg/100 g,均显著高于对照。采用PCA对6个新疆核桃优系及对照核仁主要营养物质进行综合评价,各优系营养价值由高到低依次为乌什49扎7495阿育王扎210扎346温185,6个新疆核桃优系核仁营养价值均优于对照温185。