饲料对牛乳的碳稳定同位素比值的影响

通过等电点沉淀与离心分离牛乳中的酪蛋白和脂肪,采用元素分析 串联稳定同位素比值质谱法（EA-IRMS）测定牛乳组分的δ¹³C值。经验证,该方法具有良好的准确性和重复性,牛乳及其各组分δ¹³C值测定精度标准偏差（SD）均小于0.1‰（n=5）。对不同牛乳中δ¹³C值进行比较表明,饲料组成直接影响牛乳中的碳稳定同位素组成。以玉米为主要饲料的奶源地牛乳中δ¹³C值均高于-17.6‰,若饲料中含有羊草和苜蓿会使牛乳的δ¹³C值相对偏负。购自不同地区的市售乳样品δ¹³C值具有不同特点,中国市售乳样品的δ¹³C值与一些发达国家样品的δ¹³C值具有显著差异。研究结论验证了牛乳δ¹³C值在牛乳溯源中的作用,为稳定同位素分析技术在牛乳真实性溯源的应用积累了数据与理论基础。     

植物油中甘油稳定碳同位素组成的测定

建立了气相色谱-燃烧-稳定同位素比值质谱（GC-C-IRMS）法结合酯交换技术测定植物油中甘油的稳定碳同位素组成（δ¹³C）。样品溶于异辛烷后,在氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液中转化为甘油和脂肪酸甲酯,去除脂肪酸甲酯后用GC-C-IRMS法测定甘油的δ¹³C。结果表明,食用油中甘油δ¹³C的测定标准偏差为0.18‰,且酯交换过程不会导致甘油碳同位素分馏。通过分别测定玉米胚芽油、大豆油和玉米胚芽油与大豆油的混合植物油中甘油的δ¹³C值,并进行结果比较,表明甘油δ¹³C值与玉米胚芽油中大豆油的含量呈显著负相关（R²=0.98）,可通过测定甘油δ¹³C值验证大豆油掺入玉米胚芽油的比例。本方法前处理简单、测定结果准确,可用于食用油掺假的鉴定。     

固态法白酒与固液法白酒的同位素鉴别技术

固态法白酒和固液法白酒的鉴别是当前白酒行业所面临的技术难题。本实验以碳稳定同位素为指标,建立了气相色谱-燃烧-同位素质谱(GC-C-IRMS)联用方法测定白酒中乙醛、乙醇、丙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇、乳酸乙酯等主要挥发性物质中的δ¹³C。测定了43个传统固态法白酒样品,其乙醇δ¹³C分布范围为（-17.65±1.31）‰,测定了24个流通领域白酒样品,其乙醇δ¹³C分布范围为（-15.30±1.41）‰,经t检验分析,二者存在显著性差异(P<0.01);t检验结果还表明,传统固态法白酒样品和流通领域白酒样品中异戊醇和乳酸乙酯中δ¹³C也存在显著差异。模拟实验发现,白酒中乙醇δ¹³C与添加玉米酒精含量呈正相关关系;添加的玉米酒精和挥发性香气物质会改变白酒中的乙醇及微量组分的稳定碳同位素比值,因此稳定同位素技术将有望成为固态法白酒和固液法白酒的有效鉴别手段。     

散养与笼养鸡蛋中稳定碳氮同位素特征研究

建立了元素分析-稳定同位素比值质谱（EA-IRMS）联用测定鸡蛋各组分的碳氮稳定同位素组成的方法,并初步探究了散养与笼养蛋鸡生产的鸡蛋的碳氮稳定同位素分布特征。结果表明：利用该方法测定鸡蛋各组分（蛋清、蛋黄、蛋壳膜）的碳氮同位素组成具有良好的重复性,SD值均不高于0.2‰（n=6）;鸡蛋各组分的碳氮同位素组成存在差异,各组分δ¹³C值从大到小的顺序依次为蛋壳膜＞蛋清＞蛋黄,各组分δ¹⁵N值从大到小的顺序依次为蛋黄＞蛋清＞蛋壳膜,与δ¹³C值的变化规律相反;各组分δ¹³C值之间呈线性相关（R²分别为0.768,0.761,0.640）,各组分δ¹⁵N值之间也呈线性相关（R²分别为0.862,0.875,0.711）。对比散养和笼养生产的鸡蛋,散养鸡蛋蛋清中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的分布范围分别为-18.00‰~-14.97‰,3.02‰~4.37‰;笼养鸡蛋蛋清中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的分布范围分别为-18.96‰~-15.98‰,1.66‰~2.68‰。可见,结合δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值,能够有效地区分散养与笼养鸡蛋。     

脂肪酸甲酯碳同位素测定值的校正方法对比研究

气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱（GC-C-IRMS）分析脂肪酸单体化合物碳同位素时,首先对脂肪酸甲酯化,但是测得的δ¹³C值为脂肪酸甲酯的δ¹³C值,因此需要对其进行数学校正,才能得到脂肪酸δ¹³C值。为了得到准确的甲酯化使用的甲醇δ¹³C值,提高校正后的脂肪酸δ¹³C值的精准度,本研究利用3种不同方法测定甲醇δ¹³C值：1）甲醇与钠反应制备甲醇钠固体,离线测定甲醇钠固体δ¹³C值;2）液氮冷却石英管注样法制备甲醇结晶体,离线测定甲醇结晶体δ¹³C值;3）GC-C-IRMS顶空进样测定甲醇δ¹³C值。并通过离线测定得到脂肪酸单体化合物及其甲酯化后的脂肪酸甲酯δ¹³C值。然后用此3种不同方法测定的甲醇δ¹³C值分别对脂肪酸甲酯δ¹³C值进行数学校正,将计算得到的脂肪酸δ¹³C值与脂肪酸单体化合物δ¹³C值进行误差分析。研究结果表明：离线测定的甲醇结晶体δ¹³C值为-50.17‰,标准偏差为0.086‰（n=5）,重现性优于其他两种方法,用其校正后的脂肪酸δ¹³C值与离线测定的脂肪酸δ¹³C值误差最小。因此,离线测定甲醇结晶体δ¹³C值是一种相对可靠的测定甲醇δ¹³C值的方法,可提高校正脂肪酸甲酯碳同位素测定值的精准度。     

有机溶剂稀释与气相色谱-燃烧-同位素质谱（GC-C-IRMS）联用测定食醋中乙酸的δ13C

食醋中乙酸的碳-13比值（δ¹³C）与食醋原料有密切关联,通过测定乙酸中δ¹³C可对食醋原料进行溯源。本工作建立了有机溶剂稀释法与气相色谱-燃烧-稳定同位素比值质谱（GC-C-IRMS）联用法测定食醋中乙酸的δ¹³C。在乙酸浓度为2%~99.9%的模拟样品测试中获得了稳定的检测结果;同一样品中乙酸的δ¹³C重复测定16次的标准偏差小于0.15‰;参与欧盟同位素实验室间能力测试时,该方法的测定结果与其中5个国际实验室测定平均值差异为0.17‰。该方法的精密度和稳定性好、准确性高、操作简便快速,适合在食醋真实性技术中应用和推广。     

具有动态稀释功能的EA-IRMS联机系统在δ13C和δ15N测定中的应用

自然界的样品中C、N元素含量或C/N变化极大,以往的元素分析 稳定同位素比值质谱仪（EA-IRMS）大多采用固定比例稀释样品气,不仅需要预先了解样品中元素含量及C/N等信息,还需要精确控制取样量。为了提高样品分析效率,本实验初步建立了具有动态稀释功能的EA-IRMS联机系统,快速分析有机碳、总氮稳定同位素比值（δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N）。结果表明,该联机系统与传统的固定比例稀释方法的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N测定结果一致性较好（p>0.05）。对于C/N差异较大或难以精确称重的9种样品,该联机系统的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N测定结果具有良好的重复性。通过动态稀释,δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N的测定精度分别为0.07‰~0.32‰和0.05‰~0.27‰。该联机系统在不同时间（间隔45天）的测定结果再现性良好（p>0.05）,δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N的测定偏差分别小于0.2‰和0.3‰。结合动态稀释功能的EA-IRMS,无需精确控制样品质量,省时、省力,具有一定的应用前景。     

日粮成分对鸡蛋色度及碳稳定同位素比值的影响

通过测定鸡蛋蛋黄的RCF值,说明人工色素和天然色素都可以改变蛋黄的色度,但是通过稳定同位素比值质谱分析发现,鸡蛋中稳定同位素δ¹³C值仅受日粮中玉米含量的影响,而与加丽素红的添加量无关,据此可以推断蛋黄中色素的来源,从而对蛋鸡生产起到监管作用。本实验选用320只产蛋鸡,分成人工色素组和天然色素组,每组又分成4个实验小组,每个小组做4次重复实验,分别用添加加丽素红的基础日粮和玉米含量不同的基础日粮饲喂63天。采集各组饲料样品,并在实验期的第28天和第56天采集鸡蛋样品,分别测定饲料的稳定同位素δ¹³C值和蛋黄的RCF值及δ¹³C值。结果表明：人工色素组,添加或撤除加丽素红,蛋黄的RCF值有极显著变化（P<0.01）,但蛋黄中的δ¹³C值差异不显著（P>0.05）;天然色素组,随着日粮中玉米含量的增加或降低,蛋黄的RCF值及δ¹³C值均有极显著差异（P<0.01）,且蛋黄中δ¹³CC值与日粮中玉米含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,说明蛋黄中δ¹³C值主要受日粮中玉米含量的影响。因此,蛋鸡日粮的主要成分决定了鸡蛋蛋黄中碳稳定同位素的组成。     

元素分析-稳定同位素质谱技术在婴幼儿配方奶粉奶源地追溯中的应用

婴幼儿配方奶粉是婴幼儿的主要食品,为加强其品质监管,建立了元素分析-稳定同位素质谱（EA-IRMS）同时测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中酪蛋白δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C值的方法。通过优化的等电点沉淀法可以从婴幼儿配方奶粉中获得高纯度的蛋白（纯度大于96%）。利用纳升液相-四极杆飞行时间质谱对提取的蛋白进行定性分析,确认其为酪蛋白。利用EA IRMS测定分离得到的酪蛋白δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C值发现,δ¹⁵N 和δ¹³C与奶源产地有一定的相关性,同一产地的婴幼儿配方奶粉中酪蛋白的δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C值分布范围一致,而不同奶源产地的则存在差异。该方法前处理简单、重现性好、测试方便、准确度高,可以用来追溯国内市场上婴幼儿配方奶粉的奶源产地。     

基于程序升温GC的EA-IRMS联机系统在氮、碳和硫同位素组成测定中的应用

基于具有程序升温气相色谱（GC）的元素分析-稳定同位素比率质谱仪（EA-IRMS）联机系统,初步建立了总氮、总碳和总硫稳定同位素比率的快速分析方法。分析结果表明：EA-IRMS联机系统运行状态良好,δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C和δ³⁴S标准曲线在时间上无显著漂移,质量控制标准的长时间测量精度优于0.3‰,准确度优于0.1‰。在18 mm的反应管内不存在³⁴S记忆效应,25 mm的反应管在加入空锡囊燃烧后可基本消除³⁴S记忆效应。利用该联机系统分析了不同类型的食品和环境样品。对于C/N、C/S质量比都小于200的样品,δ¹⁵N、δ¹³C和δ³⁴S的测定精度均优于0.15‰,能够满足实验室测试要求。对于C/N或C/S质量比极高的木材和琥珀样品,在N₂和SO₂信号强度都小于0.5 V的情况下,δ¹⁵N和δ³⁴S也获得了较好的重现性,其测定精度分别优于0.6‰和0.2‰。该研究可为EA-IRMS技术的应用与发展提供基础数据和科学依据。     

高粱中氮同位素丰度的测定和应用

为研究不同肥料对高粱中氮稳定同位素丰度的影响,采用稳定同位素质谱法测定高粱中氮同位素比值,并对有机和常规两种农业体系种植的高粱果实进行同位素分析。结果表明：高粱δ¹⁵N值与高粱生长过程中所施的肥料密切相关;施有机肥的高粱δ¹⁵N值普遍高于施化肥的高粱,因此δ¹⁵N值可作为鉴别有机高粱和常规高粱的重要参考要素。该方法可对有机高粱酿造的白酒和其他高粱酿造的白酒进行鉴别和区分,以维护企业和消费者的合法权益。     

GasBenchⅡ-IRMS测定葡萄酒水中δ18O方法研究

葡萄酒水中氧同位素比值（δ¹⁸O）对于葡萄酒真实性的鉴别具有重要意义。本研究考察了反应瓶气密性、样品体积、平衡时间和乙醇含量等因素对葡萄酒水中δ¹⁸O测定的影响,建立并优化了GasBench II-IRMS测定葡萄酒水中δ¹⁸O比值的在线分析方法。结果表明,当葡萄酒样品体积为200～1 000 μL,反应时间为24～48 h时,测定同一葡萄酒水中δ¹⁸O重复性和再现性的标准偏差（1σ）均小于0.1‰。该方法操作简便,符合测定要求,可连续测定大批量样品。模拟实验表明,葡萄酒水中δ¹⁸O与自来水加入量呈线性负相关,这个特点可用于葡萄酒掺水的鉴别。     

离线平衡法与GC-IRMS联用测定水中δ18O

水中氧稳定同位素比值（δ¹⁸O）测定在研究地球水圈循环和鉴别食品真实性领域具有重要作用,准确、方便的分析技术是进行上述研究的基础保障。本工作建立了气相色谱-稳定同位素比值质谱（GC-IRMS）联用,离线同位素交换平衡测定水中δ¹⁸O的方法,并考察了进样针记忆效应及稳定性、反应瓶密封性、充气装置稳定性和交换平衡条件对水中δ¹⁸O的影响。该方法所分析的水中δ¹⁸O的标准偏差为0.1‰,相同水样的分析结果与GasBench II-IRMS法具有良好的相关性,目前该技术已获得欧洲同位素分析实验室的认可。     

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New approach to metamerism measurement on halftone color images

There is often a phenomenon depending on dominant tones which results in the end users dissatisfaction with halftone color reproduction. This phenomenon is known as “metamerism” and it is the subject of research for many scientists.The metamerism on halftone color images with different dominant tones (blue, red, green and yellow) was researched in this paper, at the light sources D₅₀, D₆₅ and daylight. The results of the objective and visual evaluation were presented on the basis of colorimetric measurement of the grey balance patch, by the means of MacAdam ellipsoids in three dimension CIE L^*a^*b^* system. Both the metamerism index MI and the ellipsoid volume have also been calculated.This paper confirms that the metamerism of the halftone color images can be estimated by measuring CIE L^*a^*b^* values of the grey balance patch and by calculating MacAdam ellipsoids.     

Fractional-order system identification and proportional-derivative control of a solid-core magnetic bearing

This paper presents the application of fractional-order system identification (FOSI) and proportional-derivative (PD^µ) control to a solid-core magnetic bearing (MB). A practical strategy for closed-loop incommensurate FOSI along with a modified error criterion is utilized to model the MB system and a corresponding, verification experiment is carried out. Based on the identified model, integer-order (IO) PD and fractional-order (FO) PD^µ controllers are designed and compared with the same specifications. Besides, the relation between the two categories of controllers is discussed by their feasible control zones. Final simulation and experimental results show that the FO PD^µ controller can significantly improve the transient and steady-state performance of the MB system comparing with the IO PD controller.     

Tool life monitoring during the diamond turning of electroless Ni–P

Diamond tools become severely worn when machining Ni–P plating materials. Tool life monitoring is therefore essential to avoid the deterioration of workpiece quality. In this paper, in order to better detect tool life while the tools are in use, detailed investigations of the cutting force and acoustic emission (AE) measured during diamond turning process have been made. The results of this tool-life testing show that the cutting force and AE supply valuable information on tool failure; the dynamic component of the thrust force fluctuates chaotically when the tool dulls. This phenomenon can be detected using the 1/f^β power spectrum with a spectral exponent of β > 1. On the other hand, the AE amplitude a tends to rise just when chipping occurs on the cutting edge. This feature can be detected by the amplitude distribution spectrum, in which the AE event rate follows the power law a^−m with a scaling exponent of m < 2. Therefore, we can conclude that a spectral exponent of β > 1 and a scaling exponent of m < 2 can be used as the criteria to gauge tool life, because it was observed at the end of the tool life that tool corner had become worn out and that chipping had occurred on the cutting edge.     

Solution to automatic generation control problem using firefly algorithm optimized ID controller

Present work focused on automatic generation control (AGC) of a three unequal area thermal systems considering reheat turbines and appropriate generation rate constraints (GRC). A fractional order (FO) controller named as I^λD^µ controller based on crone approximation is proposed for the first time as an appropriate technique to solve the multi-area AGC problem in power systems. A recently developed metaheuristic algorithm known as firefly algorithm (FA) is used for the simultaneous optimization of the gains and other parameters such as order of integrator (λ) and differentiator (μ) of I^λD^µ controller and governor speed regulation parameters (R). The dynamic responses corresponding to optimized I^λD^µ controller gains, λ, μ, and R are compared with that of classical integer order (IO) controllers such as I, PI and PID controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed I^λD^µ controller provides more improved dynamic responses and outperforms the IO based classical controllers. Further, sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of the so optimized I^λD^µ controller to wide changes in system loading conditions and size and position of SLP. Proposed controller is also found to have performed well as compared to IO based controllers when SLP takes place simultaneously in any two areas or all the areas. Robustness of the proposed I^λD^µ controller is also tested against system parameter variations.