锌锅用热轧钢板解理断裂行为分析

通过断裂试样断口的宏观和显微分析、显微组织表征、拉伸和冲击试验以及解理断裂应力条件,讨论分析了锌锅用低强度级别钢板弯曲成形断裂的微观解理断裂行为。结果表明,钢板发生解理断裂的微观机制与冲击试样断裂相同,即晶粒尺寸控制的穿过晶界的裂纹扩展是解理断裂的临界事件。粗大的铁素体晶粒的面积分数过高显著降低了裂纹扩展阶段所需的局部解理断裂应力σf。断口宏观分析判断在钢板边部应存在导致应力集中的初始裂纹源,这极大降低了启动解理断裂的断裂应力并同时提高裂纹源前端的正应力σyy,扩大了解理断裂活跃区至初始裂纹前端,从而不可避免地发生脆性解理断裂。     

微观组织对高速车轮钢解理断裂应力的影响

利用不同奥氏体化温度和冷却速率对碳质量分数为0.54%高速车轮钢进行热处理,得到具有不同晶粒尺寸和珠光体片间距微观组织的试样.在-120~20℃温度下对具有不同微观组织的拉伸试样和三点弯曲（3PB）缺口试样进行测试;采用二维平面应变有限元计算三点弯曲缺口试样缺口前的应力分布;利用扫描电镜对3PB试样断口进行观察并测量解理起裂源的位置;测定不同微观组织车轮钢试样的解理断裂应力.在扩展控制断裂机制下,微观组织对车轮钢的解理断裂应力具有明显影响,晶粒尺寸和珠光体片间距越小解理断裂应力越高.细化晶粒使未扩展微裂纹的特征长度减小,细化珠光体片间距有助于提高珠光体的有效表面能,从而使得解理断裂应力提高.      

双相钢变形与断裂特性的研究

本文对双相钢的变形和断裂特性进行了研究。用计算机对双相钢单轴拉伸下的变形特性进行了计算,发现双相钢均匀变形阶段存在着双扎特性。根据分析和显微组织的观察结果,本文提出:Ashby-Mileiko综合变形理论来描述双相钢的初始加工硬化和均匀应变硬化特性。用缺口棒四点弯曲法测定了双相钢的解理断裂应力σf;根据解理断裂温度下断口形貌,微裂纹萌生、扩展与显徽组织的关系,得出双相钢的裂纹扩展途径,根据σf与断裂单元的测定结果,得出了σf=0.33 19.33C~(-1/2)的回归关系式,提出了双相钢的解理断裂的应力扩展控制模型。按照综合变形理论和应力扩展控制模型,提高双相钢初始加工硬化速率、均匀延伸和σf的途径是:在保持合理的马氏体体积分数下,降低马氏体岛的直径和铁素体晶粒尺寸,增加马氏体岛中板条马氏体量,尽可能使马氏体岛分布均匀。     

双相钢断裂特性的研究

本文对双相钢的断裂特性进行了研究。用缺口棒四点弯曲法测定了双相钢的解理断裂应力σ_f;根据流变应力的速率敏感效应,用示波冲击和变速拉伸数据计算了σ_f;计算值和实验测定值基本一致。根据理解温度下的断口形貌、微裂纹的萌生、扩展与显微组织的观察结     

铁素体钢中白点缺陷的检验分析

 通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜等分析方法对铁素体钢低倍检验后发现的疑似白点缺陷进行了分析判断,发现疑似白点缺陷在金相显微镜下呈锯齿状裂纹,为白点裂纹形貌特征。通过对低倍试样上断口的检验发现,低碳铁素体钢宏观断口处分布有银灰色圆形斑点,为白点缺陷特征,铁素体不锈钢宏观断口无明显白点特征,但铁素体不锈钢的疑似白点显微断口有沿晶断裂和以夹杂物为裂纹源的解理断裂两种,都具有氢脆断口特征,由此判断,两种铁素体钢中缺陷均为白点缺陷。铁素体不锈钢中的白点缺陷与常见白点断口上的浮云状、波纹状、解理羽毛、显微疏松等形貌特征有所不同,而且不同铁素体不锈钢试样上的白点缺陷断口形貌也不同,一处为沿晶断裂,一处为以夹杂物为裂纹源的解理断裂。     

锻后加热正火对35MnVN钢组织和性能的影响

本文考察了锻后正火对35MnVN钢显微组织和机械性能的影响;通过系列示波冲击试验和定量金相方法,分析探讨了影响冲击韧性的微观因素以及冲击断裂机制。结果表明:加热温度不超过1000℃的正火处理可以细化纲的组织,增加先析铁素体含量,从而在保证较高强度水平的同时,提高冲击韧性,降低韧脆转变温度,先共析铁素体含量为冲击韧性的主要影响因素。随着原始奥氏体晶粒的粗化和先析铁素体含量的减少,断裂机制由应变诱导准解理断裂变为应力诱导解理断裂;冲击功由受裂纹扩展功控制变为受裂纹形成功控制。     

400B磨球钢矫直断裂原因分析

采用宏观及微观断口分析、化学成分分析和金相检验等方法,对400B磨球钢在矫直过程中发生断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:造成该磨球钢矫直断裂的原因是过热使其心部晶粒粗大并且产生了严重的针状、网状渗碳体,在矫直应力的作用下钢材从心部过热组织处起裂,裂纹向四周迅速扩展最终导致断裂。     

γ-TiAl基合金压缩损伤与断裂行为的研究

通过对γ-TiAl基合金压缩断裂及压缩卸载试验和试样断口与表面的扫描电镜(SEM)观察,分析压缩应力对裂纹产生、扩展及裂纹形态的影响,进而对该材料的压缩损伤与断裂行为进行较为深入的研究。压缩试验是室温下在Instron 1341试验机上进行的。结果表明,损伤起始于材料的塑性区载荷下降阶段,材料在断裂前发生很大的塑性变形,其压缩时有较大的塑性缓冲;随着压缩卸载应力的增大,观察到的试样表面裂纹依次增多或扩展增长,材料损伤的程度与压缩应力成正比。在压缩试样断口的中部发现存在的一个纵向韧带,当外加载荷增加,两个由压缩接触端面起裂的倾斜剪切裂纹扩展到试样中部,然后通过剪切穿过纵向韧带而连接,并诱发试样的完全脆性断裂。两个端面的切应力是裂纹形成的主要控制因素。该材料的压缩性能比拉伸性能更佳的主要原因是由于压缩时材料的损伤起始于塑性阶段,产生沿45°方向剪应力最大方向的剪切断裂和沿着压缩轴方向的准解理断裂的混合形式,而普通拉伸时材料损伤起始于弹性阶段,发生完全脆性解理断裂,在低应力下试样就会断裂。     

QT400-18L球墨铸铁的低温冲击断裂行为

在室温和低温下对QT400-18L球墨铸铁件进行Charpy冲击试验,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜对冲击断口形貌进行分析,利用透射电镜对断口附近位错密度进行观察分析,探讨了球墨铸铁低温冲击断裂的机制。结果表明:温度对冲击韧性影响较大,随试验温度的降低,冲击吸收的能量显著减小。观察发现,低温冲击断口表现出两种不同的解理断裂刻面:"连续型"和"不连续型"河流形貌。球墨铸铁中裂纹优先在石墨与铁素体基体界面形成,其次在碳化物与基体界面形成。在低温冲击载荷作用下,活动位错源数量少,发生解理断裂。     

等静压铍材高周疲劳寿命研究

采用拉-拉加载方式对等静压铍材进行高周疲劳试验,根据试验数据绘制了S-N曲线,获得其疲劳极限,并运用扫描电镜观察疲劳断口形貌。结果表明,等静压铍材在指定疲劳寿命10~7次下的疲劳极限为385 MPa;疲劳裂纹萌生于铍材试样边缘处,裂纹穿过晶界与相邻晶粒内的微裂纹连接合并长大;铍材试样发生瞬时解理断裂,形成主要由疲劳源和放射区构成的断口形貌;疲劳源尺寸随最大循环应力的减小而增大。     

Fracture behavior of C-Mn steel and weld metal in notched and precracked specimens: Part II. micromechanism of fracture

The microscopic fracture behaviors of a C-Mn steel plate and of two types of weld metal in Charpy V, crack tip opening displacement (COD), and precracked impact specimens have been studied by observations of the size distribution of the cleavage-initiating particles, the morphology of the fibrous crack zones, the microstructure in the region initiating the cleavage crack, and the size distribution of microcracks remaining in the specimens. It has been found that the different values of the microscopic cleavage fracture stress, σ_f, measured in notched and precracked specimens of the same metal result from the change in the critical event (critical length) in the fracture processes. The critical event in the Charpy V-notched specimens at —45 °C to —65 °C is the propagation of a ferrite grain-sized microcrack into the ferrite matrix; however, in the precracked COD specimens at —110 °C, it is the propagation of a second-phase particle-sized microcrack into the neighboring ferrite grain. The change of the critical event is considered to be related to the difference of effective shear stress ahead of a notch root or a crack tip. The different sensitivities to the notch acuity of the base and weld metal result from their micro-structures. Finally, the prerequisite for establishing a correlation between Charpy V and COD tests is analyzed.     

Fracture process of a low carbon low alloy steel relevant to charpy toughness at ductile-brittle fracture transition region

The fracture process that determines the Charpy energy at the ductile-brittle transition region was investigated by means of the instrumented Charpy test and fractographic analysis with a low carbon low alloy steel subjected to different control-rolling conditions. The decomposition of a Charpy energy into the energies dissipated in the course of the notch-tip blunting, stable crack growth, and brittle crack propagation is unique irrespective of the testing temperatures and specimen series. Toughness level can be divided into four regions according to the pre-dominating fracture process. The temperature dependence of toughness and effects of the an-isotropy of a specimen originates in the brittle fracture initiation stage rather than the resistance against the notch-tip blunting or stable crack growth. From fractographic examination referring to the stress analyses, it is discussed that the brittle fracture initiation is controlled by the local deformation microstructures in the plastic zone together with the stress field ahead of the notch or the stable crack front. Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Waseda University     

特厚EH47止裂钢板及焊接热影响区的组织性能

为开发大型集装箱船用特厚EH47止裂钢板,提出了一种低碳微合金MnCrNiCu钢,研究了其变形奥氏体连续冷却相变规律,使用控轧控冷工艺(TMCP)试制出最大厚度为85 mm特厚EH47级钢板,使用埋弧焊(SMA)和药芯焊丝气保焊(FCAW)技术对最厚钢板进行焊接试验,研究钢板和焊接接头的显微组织和性能.通过系列V缺口 ...     

超厚高强钢心部组织对断裂机制的影响

摘要：为了研究超厚钢板心部显微组织与微观断裂机制的关系,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）等技术手段对试验钢板1/4厚度、1/2厚度（心部）显微组织及裂纹形貌进行表征和分析。结果表明,心部处低温冲击韧性较1/4厚度处有明显的降低,这是由于心部组织为回火板条贝氏体和回火粒状贝氏体,其中粒状贝氏体的比例较高,粒状贝氏体中M-A岛的存在促进了微孔或微裂纹的启裂;1/4厚度处为回火板条马氏体与回火板条贝氏体二者的混合组织,板条间的位错运动释放局部应力集中,而舒缓裂纹尖端区域所受应力,产生裂纹钝化、阻碍裂纹扩展,提高低温冲击韧性。     

Statistical analysis of cleavage fracture ahead of sharp cracks and rounded notches

Mechanisms of initiation and unstable propagation of transgranular cleavage cracks are compared for brittle fracture ahead of sharp cracks and rounded notches, e.g. for fatigue pre-cracks and Charpy V-notches, respectively, in standard toughness specimens. The comparison is made over a range of temperatures, from the lower shelf into the ductile/brittle transition region, for a single phase material containing a known distribution of particles where weakest link statistics can be used to model the onset of catastrophic failure. Using linear and nonlinear elastic solutions for the stress distribution ahead of a sharp crack, and slip-line field solutions, modified for a power hardening material, for the rounded notch, statistical modelling is employed to define the critical dimensions ahead of the crack or notch tip where initial cracking events are most probable. The analysis provides an interpretation of the role of stress gradient in governing microscopic fracture behavior. Predictions are evaluated by comparison with experimental results on the low temperature flow, Charpy V-notch and plane strain fracture toughness behavior of a low carbon mild steel with simple ferrite/grain boundary carbide microstructures.     

Cleavage initiation in the intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat affected zone: Part II. Failure criteria and statistical effects

In part I of this article, cleavage initiation in the intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat affected zone (IC CG HAZ) of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels was determined to occur between two closely spaced blocky MA particles. Blunt notch, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), and precracked Charpy testing were used in this investigation to determine the failure criteria required for cleavage initiation to occur by this mechanism in the IC CG HAZ. It was found that the attainment of a critical level of strain was required in addition to a critical level of stress. This does not occur in the case of high strain rate testing, for example, during precracked Charpy testing. A different cleavage initiation mechanism is then found to operate. The precise fracture criteria and microstructural requirements (described in part I of this article) result in competition between potential cleavage initiation mechanisms in the IC CG HAZ. formerly Graduate student with the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge     

The process of crack initiation and effective grain size for cleavage fracture in pearlitic eutectoid steel

The process of cleavage crack initiation and the character of the effective grain size which controls the fracture toughness of pearlitic eutectoid steel has been investigated using smooth tensile and precracked Charpy impact specimens. The results demonstrated that initial cracking in both specimens was largely the result of shear cracking of pearlite;i.e., localized slip bands in ferrite promoted cracking of the cementite plates, which was then followed by tearing of the adjacent ferrite laths. Such behavior initially results in a fibrous crack. In the tensile specimen, the initiation site was identified as a fibrous region which grew under the applied stress, eventually initiating an unstable cleavage crack. In precracked impact specimens, this critical crack size was much smaller due to the high state of stress near the precrack tip. Fracture mechanics analysis showed that the first one or two dimples formed by the shear cracking process can initiate a cleavage crack. Using thin foil transmission electron microscopy, a cleavage facet was found to be an orientation unit where the ferrites (and the cementites) of contiguous colonies share a common orientation. The size of this orientation unit, which is equal to the cleavage facet size, is controlled by the prior austenite grain size. The influence of austenite grain size on toughness is thus explained by the fact that the austenite grain structure can control the resultant orientation of ferrite and cementite in pearlitic structures. Y.J. PARK, formerly with Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.     

15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2齿轮钢的扭转疲劳特性及裂纹扩展行为

 通过扭转疲劳试验,研究了15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳断裂的裂纹扩展行为和夹杂物尺寸与扭转疲劳寿命之间的关系。得到了钢的扭转疲劳极限强度和[τ-N]曲线,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳极限强度为350 MPa,扭转疲劳寿命分散度较大。通过断口观察,发现15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳破坏模式以表面破坏和近表面破坏为主,主要由氧化物夹杂引起。通过计算应力强度因子[ΔK]和裂纹扩展门槛值[ΔKth]分析15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳裂纹扩展的断裂力学条件,试验钢在断裂过程中受载荷情况为,II型载荷—I型载荷—II型载荷—I＋II型载荷,分别对应起裂源区、纤维区、疲劳裂纹扩展区和瞬断区;当有大裂纹产生时,则不会产生纤维区,受载荷情况则为：II型载荷—I＋II型载荷。通过公式推导和数据拟合得到夹杂物尺寸和15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢扭转疲劳寿命的关系,发现随着夹杂物尺寸减小,钢的[τ-N]曲线向高寿命区移动。当引起裂纹萌生的夹杂物尺寸小于5 μm时,在350 MPa应力下,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳寿命超过107循环周次。     

Effect of center microstructure on fracture mechanism of ultra-thick high strength steel

In order to study the relationship between microstructure and fracture mechanism of ultra-thick steel plate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to characterize and analyze the microstructure and crack morphology of 1/4 and 1/2 thickness (center) of the test plate. The results show that the low temperature impact toughness at the center is significantly lower than that at the 1/4 thickness, which is due to the microstructure of the center is tempered lath bainite and tempered granular bainite, and the proportion of granular bainite is higher. The presence of M-A island in granular bainite promotes the initiation of micro pores or micro cracks. The 1/4 thickness is a mixed microstructure of tempered lath martensite and tempered lath bainite. The dislocation movement between laths releases local stress concentration, and relieves the stress at the crack tip region, resulting in crack passivation, hindering crack propagation and improving low temperature impact toughness.