粒度对马铃薯泥面条品质的影响

本研究通过磨浆时间和磨浆强度控制马铃薯泥的粒度,探讨粒度对马铃薯面条的外观色泽、蒸煮品质、质构品质的影响,为马铃薯泥面条的生产提供数据支持。结果表明:随着磨浆强度的增加,时间的延长,马铃薯泥的粒度逐渐变小;马铃薯泥具有明显的双峰粒度分布,大颗粒所占比例比小颗粒所占比例高;马铃薯泥在扫描电镜下,呈片状结构,片与片镶嵌在一起,随着马铃薯粒度的降低,片的厚度不断变薄,片的尺寸也不断变小;随着粒度的降低,马铃薯面条的L*值降低,a*值和b*值升高,面条A的L*、a*、b*值与面条B、C、D、小麦粉面条的对应L*、a*、b*值具有显著性差异(p<0.05),而面条B、C、D的L*值之间没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。随着粒度的降低,马铃薯面条的烹调损失率均呈上升趋势,从9.38%增加至10.16%;马铃薯面条的断裂距离显著高于小麦粉面条(p<0.05),不同粒度的马铃薯面条断裂距离没有显著性差异(p>0.05);马铃薯面条煮后黏度随着粒度的减小而减小;总体来说,马铃薯泥的粒度对其面条的品质显著的影响,粒度中位径d(0.5)为130 μm的马铃薯面条品质好。     

不同粒度区间小麦粉对半干面品质的影响

研究了四个不同粒度区间小麦粉对半干面品质的影响。结果表明,不同粒度区间的小麦粉之间的品质表现差异性显著(p<0.05),180~200目粒度区间小麦粉的粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量和面筋指数均高于其他粒度区间小麦粉;破损淀粉和灰分含量随粒度减小逐渐增加;140~160目区间小麦粉的粉质质量指数最大,稳定时间最长,弱化值最小;140~200目区间小麦粉的吸水率差异并不显著。随小麦粉粒度减小,半干面的白度、吸水率、蒸煮损失率逐渐增加;140~160目区间小麦粉制作的半干面,其硬度最大,咀嚼性最好;160~180目区间小麦粉制作的半干面,其拉伸性能最好;180~200目区间小麦粉制作的半干面,其深层结合水比例最高,回复性、弹性、黏聚性表现最好,感官评分最高,适合制作半干面。     

Resveratrol alters texture and provides nutritional benefits in white-salted noodles

The effects of resveratrol (RSV) addition on quality of fractionated wheat flour and the corresponding cooked white-salted noodles were investigated. Commercial wheat flour was fractionated into four particle size groups, that is <45, 45–65, 65–105 and >105 μm. RSV was incorporated into the fractionated flour at three different levels. Swelling power increased in each of the four particle size groups with the addition of RSV. RSV at 0.5% led to a decrease in rapidly digestible starch and an increase in slowly digestible starch. Antioxidant capacity increased with the addition of RSV except for the >105 μm particle size group, which declined in oxygen radical absorbance capacity value. Smaller particle size could increase antioxidant capacity, but extremely small particle size may decrease it. Addition of RSV increased tensile strength and decreased hardness of cooked noodles. This study showed that resveratrol addition to wheat flour had potential to bring quality and health benefits.     

Effect of heat-moisture treatment for utilization of germinated brown rice in wheat noodle

Effect of heat-moisture treatment of germinated brown rice (GBR) on the texture and cooking quality of the noodles containing mixtures of wheat and GBR flours was investigated. With the increase in GBR content, hardness and tensile strength of the composite noodles decreased and cooking loss and water absorption increased. Pasting viscosity of the flour mixtures was significantly decreased by increasing the amount of GBR. Heat-moisture treatment of GBR (17 or 20 g/100 g moisture at 100 °C for 4 h), however, apparently increased the pasting viscosity and improved the texture and cooking quality of the composite noodles. The mixture of wheat and a treated GBR (1:1 weight ratio) showed a pasting viscosity similar to pure wheat flour. The noodle containing the heat-moisture treated GBR flours showed the lower cooking loss, and higher hardness and tensile strength than the noodle containing untreated counterparts. Among the treated GBR flours tested, the GBR treated at 100 °C for 4 h at a moisture level of 17 g/100 g was the most acceptable in terms of cooking quality and textural property, close to those of the noodle of pure wheat flour. Substitution with the heat-moisture treated GBR, however, made the noodle darker because of thermal discoloration of GBR.     

马铃薯全粉添加量对小麦粉及其挂面品质特性的影响

在小麦粉中添加不同比例马铃薯全粉,测定其粉质特性、糊化特性及其挂面的烹煮和质构品质,探讨马铃薯全粉对小麦粉及其挂面品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯小麦混合粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、衰减值、最终黏度和回生值均降低;面团形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度先降低后升高,吸水率呈线性增加;马铃薯挂面的烹调损失率变大,最佳烹煮时间变长,硬度和弹性逐渐减小。当马铃薯全粉添加量≤20%时,所制作的挂面品质较好。马铃薯全粉的添加量、马铃薯小麦混合粉的粉质特性、糊化特性与马铃薯挂面的品质特性有显著的相关性。     

Evaluation of Asian salted noodles in the presence of Amaranthus betacyanin pigments

The effect of betacyanin pigments from Amaranthus tricolor on the functional properties and colour of wheat flour in relation to the quality of Asian salted noodles was studied. Addition of Amaranthus pigments significantly decreased the viscosity of wheat flour pastes as well as hardness and adhesiveness of the gels. Low levels of Amaranthus pigments (0.1% and 0.5%) imparted a more pink shade to flour gels, dried raw noodles, and cooked noodles, whereas higher levels (1.0% and 2.0%) gave a more red shade with decreased brightness. Pigment addition at low levels had no significant effect on the cooking and textural properties of noodles, whereas high level (2.0%) did have a significant influence. Several RVA and textural parameters of wheat flour pastes and gels were highly correlated to quality of cooked noodles and may be used in predicting actual noodle quality in the presence of Amaranthus pigments.     

市售颗粒小麦粉溶剂保持能力及制作挂面的品质分析

选取市售8种颗粒小麦粉样品和1种普通小麦粉，测试评价二者的颗粒特性、理化品质、溶剂保持能力的区别，制作挂面以评价颗粒小麦粉的加工品质特性。结果表明，颗粒小麦粉的粒径分布与普通小麦粉之间差异显著（P<0.05），普通小麦粉中粒径（D50）为60.32μm，颗粒小麦粉中粒径（D50）均大于77.43μm。与普通小麦粉相比，颗粒小麦粉灰分和损伤淀粉含量低，面筋指数高、面筋质量好。除乳酸保持能力外，颗粒小麦粉的其余三种溶剂保持能力均显著低于普通小麦粉（P<0.05）。颗粒小麦粉挂面拥有良好的柔韧性和耐煮性，干物质吸水率和蒸煮损失率显著高于普通小麦粉挂面（P<0.05）。颗粒小麦粉挂面煮后的硬度、粘附性较低，延伸性较好，表现出较好的质地及爽滑不易断的特征。     

Effects of fine grinding of millfeeds on the quality attributes of reconstituted whole-wheat flour and its raw noodle products

Effects of millfeed particle size on the quality of whole-wheat flour (WWF) and raw noodles were investigated. Four ranges of particle size distribution of millfeeds from hard red spring (median diameter: 307, 260, 225, and 178 μm) and hard red winter (median diameter: 319, 274, 235, and 185 μm) were obtained by fine grinding. For both wheat classes, the CIE L* values of WWF decreased and a* and b* values increased with the reduction of millfeed particle sizes. WWF with finer millfeeds exhibited higher PPO activity than that with coarser millfeeds. RVA analysis showed that peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of WWF significantly decreased as the particle size of millfeeds reduced, while breakdown and setback values revealed no obvious trend. Reducing the particles of millfeeds not only significantly increased the Farinograph stability time of WWF dough, but also improved the whole-wheat noodle (WWN) brightness (L*) at both 0 and 24 h. Texture profile analysis of cooked noodle indicated that hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and resilience values all significantly increased as the particle sizes of millfeeds were decreased. These results suggest that reduction of millfeed particle sizes before reconstituting WWF could provide beneficial effect on the quality improvement of WWN.     

Effect of Potato Starch Properties on Instant Noodle Quality in Wheat Flour and Potato Starch Blends

The properties of potato starch and their effect on the quality of Chinese‐style alkaline instant noodles made from wheat flour and potato starch blends were investigated. Starches were extracted from nine potato cultivars, and the phosphorus content of these starches was analyzed together with the median granule size and pasting and gelatinization properties. Instant noodles were manufactured using mixtures of wheat flour and these potato starches. A Rheoner instrument was used to evaluate three textural parameters, namely, the breaking force (BF), breaking energy (BE), and ratio of the breaking force to the breaking deformation (BF/BD), of instant noodles cooked by immersing into boiling water for 3 and 7 min. The phosphorus content, peak viscosity, and breakdown were significantly and positively correlated with the BF of the noodles cooked for 3 min and did not significantly correlate with that of those cooked for 7 min. Other quality parameters of potato starch did not affect the BF significantly. Other textural parameters of instant noodle quality, such as the BE and BF/BD, did not significantly correlate with any of the quality parameters of potato starch. The findings obtained with the use of wheat flour and potato starch blends suggest that phosphate, which is thought to enhance starch viscosity of potato starch, is important for making instant noodles with favorable texture in hardness.     

Effects of γ-irradiation on the quality changes of fresh noodles prepared from wheat cultivated with N-fertilization treatments

Quality changes of fresh noodles prepared from wheat cultivated with N-fertilization treatments, followed by γ-irradiation were investigated. The protein content of the KPS60 was the highest of all treated samples, and protein contents of wheat cultivated with N-fertilizer was increased. γ-Irradiation did not affect the protein contents of the samples. However, the water holding capacity and resistant starch contents was increased by irradiation. The dry gluten and wet gluten contents of samples were further increased by γ-irradiation. The pasting properties were influenced by γ-irradiation but not N-fertilization. The hardness of noodles made with irradiated wheat flour was decreased, but the degree of decrease was small compared with that of viscosity. The gumminess and chewiness of noodles made with irradiated flour having higher protein content and WG showed also higher score. Thus, treatment of wheat flour with N-fertilization and γ-irradiation may improve the quality of Korean-style noodles during storage.     

脂类对白盐面条品质的影响

将大豆粉末磷脂、亲水单甘酯、由面粉自身制出的游离脂和非极性脂按1%的含量加入到经石油醚脱脂的面粉中,研究其对面条品质的影响。结果表明:4种生面条硬度变化不明显,弹性逐渐减小,黏聚性和回复性显著增大;拉伸力和拉伸距离显著减小。4种熟面条中,添加非极性脂的熟面条硬度和回复性均显著增大,而其他3种脂对熟面条的TPA指标影响差异不显著;拉伸力和拉伸距离变化不明显。4种面条的最佳蒸煮时间显著减小,蛋白质损失率和干物质损失率逐渐增大,干物质吸水率先增大后减小。电镜实验中,4种生面条内部结构存在差异。     

大麦粉改善生鲜湿面的品质特性

通过添加不同比例的大麦粉(10%~60%)配成大麦-小麦混合粉,研究大麦-小麦混合粉的糊化特性和面团的流变学特性以及生鲜湿面的色泽、蒸煮损失率、断条率、质构特性。结果表明,当大麦粉添加量30%时混合粉的峰值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和回生值升高幅度最大,升幅分别为50 cP、42 cP、39.66 cP、31.67 cP;生鲜湿面的硬度、内聚性和回复性分别升高了23.77%、6.85%、8.64%;拉断力和拉伸距离分别降低了13.80%、70.22%;在大麦粉添加量40%时,生鲜湿面的蒸煮损失率和断条率分别提高了37.36%、10.83%。随大麦粉的添加比例升高,面团弹性模量、黏性模量增大,tanδ值降低;面片的亮度显著下降。综合考虑,大麦全粉添加比例小于30%时,混合粉仍具有较好的加工特性,生鲜湿面的整体品质可被接受,更高比例的加入会导致生鲜湿面蒸煮损失率和硬度显著升高。     

超微粉碎对苦荞面条品质特性的影响

为提高苦荞麦的利用价值和苦荞面条的食用品质,利用超微粉碎技术制备超微苦荞麦粉,考察超微粉碎和超微粉粒径对苦荞麦粉的粉质特性及其面条品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的破损淀粉质量分数显著增加（P＜0.05）,面粉亮度值由72.20升高至77.48。同时,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）。超微粉碎技术的应用提升了苦荞麦粉的整体糊化特性,使得面团能够更快成型,稳定时间延长,面团的黏弹性增强,内部网络结构愈发均匀致密。利用超微粉制作全苦荞麦面条,断条率显著下降（P＜0.05）,最佳蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失最多减少约50%,质构特性显著改善。     

麦麸添加量和粒度对中国干面条质构特性的影响

利用山农优麦号面粉为材料,研究不同麦麸添加量(质量分数为5%、10%、15%、20%)和不同粒度(0.16～0.43、0.43～1.0、1.5～2.0、2.0～2.5mm)对面条质构特性的影响。结果表明：麦麸添加量和粒度对面条质构特性产生显著影响(P＜0.05)。面条质构特性参数脆性、柔韧性、曲线积分随着麸皮添加量和粒度的增加而显著降低。当麸皮粒度小于0.43mm时,干面条的脆性随着添加量的增加呈下降趋势;对于5%的添加量,不同粒度处理脆性没有显著差异,但当添加量超过10%时,粒度处理间存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。当添加少于10%的细麸皮时,干面条柔韧性稍有下降,但对于粗麸皮,当添加量少于5%时干面条柔韧性就呈显著下降趋势。随着添加量和麸皮粒度的增加,熟面条的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性显著下降,而黏性增加。熟面条弹性和黏聚性没有表现出规律性的变化。对于细麸皮,随着添加量增加面条的硬度没有显著降低,而添加粗麸皮则表现出显著的下降趋势。对于中等粒度和大粒度麸皮,添加量在5%～15%处理间对面条的黏聚性、弹性和恢复性没有显著差异。因此,添加10%之内的细麦麸和不超过5%的中等粒度的麦麸能够加工出富含膳食纤维的干面条。     

大豆蛋白酶水解产物的水解度对小麦粉及面条品质的影响

探讨了不同水解度的大豆蛋白酶水解产物对小麦粉及面条品质的影响,结果表明,添加不同水解度的酶水解产物后,小麦粉糊化特性的峰值黏度、最终黏度和最低黏度均比原小麦粉明显降低;除水解度为4.19%的水解产物外,添加其他水解度的酶水解产物的面团稳定时间均有所降低,弱化度增大;与原面粉面条相比,添加大豆蛋白酶水解产物后,面条的粘附性明显降低;添加不同酶水解产物的面条质构特性无显著性差异,添加水解度4.19%和7.45%酶水解产物的面条的拉伸特性与原小麦粉面条无显著性差异;当水解度超过5.34%后,面条的干物质损失率和蛋白质损失率明显增大。综合评价小麦粉和面条的品质指标,作为面条用粉时,添加的大豆蛋白酶水解产物的水解度4.19%为宜。     

挤压改性绿豆粉对小麦粉加工及其面条品质特性的影响

研究了添加挤压改性绿豆粉对挤压改性绿豆-小麦混合粉粉质特性、面团流变特性和所制备面条品质的影响。首先采用双螺杆挤压机处理绿豆粉,随后将挤压改性绿豆粉以不同添加量(10%~60%)添至小麦粉中,制备面条。然后采用粉质拉伸仪、RVA黏度仪、流变和质构仪对混合粉的粉特性、面团流变性能以及面条的质构特性进行分析。结果表明,随着挤压改性绿豆粉添加量的增加,绿豆-小麦混合粉面团的形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数急剧下降,混合粉的粉质特性明显降低,且与小麦粉相比,混合粉的起始糊化温度、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、崩解值及回生值呈明显的下降趋势;随着挤压改性绿豆粉添加量的增加,混合粉面团的G'和G″降低,面团的网络结构受到破坏;对于挤压改性绿豆-小麦混合面条,随着挤压改性绿豆粉添加量的增加(<40%时),其干物质吸水率和损失率有所提高,蒸煮面条的硬度、弹性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性有所降低,综合感官评分降低,当挤压改性绿豆粉添加量≤ 20%时,整体可接受度接近小麦面条。最后分析三者之间的相关性发现,挤压改性绿豆粉的添加量、挤压改性绿豆-小麦混合粉的粉质特性、黏度特性与其制作面条的品质有明显的相关性。综上所述,挤压改性绿豆粉的添加改变了小麦面团的特性和面条的品质,其添加量不宜超过20%。     

藜麦全粉对面条品质的影响

以小麦粉为原料,将藜麦全粉以不同比例添加到面粉中制备面条,对面粉的粉质特性、糊化特性、面团拉伸特性及面条的品质特性进行研究。结果表明:随着藜麦全粉添加量的增加,混合粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、最小黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、回生值降低,面团的吸水率、弱化度增加,面团的拉伸能量、延伸度下降,藜麦面条的蒸煮损失率变大、断条率增加,硬度和咀嚼性增加、弹性减小。用藜麦粉代替面粉会降低面团的加工性能和面条品质。     

麸皮粒径对全麦面片水分分布及挂面品质的影响

研究麸皮粒径(40、60、80、100及120目)对全麦面片水分分布、挂面品质及面条微观结构的影响。低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)的结果表明,全麦面片中存在强结合水、弱结合水和自由水 3 种状态,随着麸皮粒径的下降,强结合水的含量降低,弱结合水的含量增加,自由水的含量呈现先下降后增加的趋势。麸皮粒径的下降可以降低全麦挂面的蒸煮损失率,提高硬度、弹性、咀嚼性及拉伸性能,改善全麦挂面的感官品质。扫描电镜(SEM)的结果显示,麸皮粒径的下降可以使全麦挂面的微观结构更加完整,淀粉被更好地包裹在蛋白面筋网络中。激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)的结果显示,全麦熟面的蛋白质网络结构随着麸皮粒径的下降而变得更加连续致密。     

挤压与汽爆麦麸添加对小麦粉糊化特性的影响

以低筋、中筋和高筋小麦粉为材料,考察原麦麸、挤压麦麸和汽爆麦麸的添加量、粒度对小麦粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：在0.178～0.250 mm粒度范围内,随着麦麸添加量的增加,小麦粉峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值都显著性下降（P＜0.05）,而糊化温度和糊化起始时间则呈现二次曲线增加的趋势。汽爆麦麸和挤压麦麸对于小麦粉糊化起始时间和糊化温度的提升效果明显高于原麦麸。随着原麦麸粒径的减小,中筋、高筋小麦粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值均呈现先降低再升高的变化趋势,而3 种麦麸糊化温度和糊化起始时间呈现下降趋势。在0.150～0.420 mm粒度范围内时,原麦麸的粒度对低筋小麦粉回生值的影响具有显著差异（P＜0.05）;挤压麦麸和汽爆麦麸的粒度对中筋小麦粉峰值黏度的影响无显著差异（P＞0.05）;原麦麸和汽爆麦麸的粒度对高筋小麦粉峰值黏度的影响具有显著差异（P＜0.05）。     

高抗性淀粉大米对方便米粉品质及GI值的影响研究

为了开发低GI方便米粉满足糖尿病和超重/肥胖人群的饮食需求,研究高RS大米对方便米粉冲泡特性、质构特性、感官评分、微观结构及GI值的影响。结果表明,高RS的添加提高了方便米粉断条率与吐浆值,降低了感官评分值;方便米粉硬度、咀嚼性有所增加,粘性、弹性、回复性先增加后减少;提高了方便米粉中RS的含量,并使其GI值降低;通过SEM分析,高RS大米较普通大米制作的方便米粉剖面结构更具连续性,结构更为致密,孔洞明显减少;通过XRD分析,添加高RS大米的方便米粉样品在14°附近有一个特征峰,普通大米制作的样品没有。本文为低GI方便米粉的开发与生产实践提供新的思路,但高RS大米对方便米粉品质及GI值的影响机理还需要进一步研究。