Investigation of antimony,cobalt, and acetaldehyde migration into the drinking water in Turkey

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used material for the packaging of drinking water. The development of this research arises from the demand of a popular Turkish drinking water company, which has reported odour problems in their PET bottled products. Acetaldehyde, cobalt, and antimony contents were determined in bottled water of different volumes (0.5, 1.5, and 5 L), PET bottles, plastic blue closures, and preform material by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Antimony, cobalt, and acetaldehyde migration into the drinking water (PET bottled) was tracked for every 2 months through a year. Migration of these compounds rose with increased storage time at 20°C. The highest amounts of migrated compounds were observed in 0.5 L (smallest) of PET bottles. All migration results were found to be under the migration limit at the end of storage period. In addition to these findings, nonintentionally added substances (NIASs) analyses were performed by headspace (HS)/GC‐MS. Odour‐active compounds were identified using the library database. Off‐odours in the drinking water were due to the migration of various compounds such as acetaldehyde and other NIASs from PET bottle into the drinking water. In addition, acetaldehyde amounts were ranged from 0 to 140 μg/L in all drinking waters, and some acetaldehyde values were above the taste threshold of 15 μg/L.     

Quantification of the Sorption Behavior of Polyethylene Terephthalate Polymer versus PET/PA Polymer Blends towards Organic Compounds

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are widely used for beverages. Oxygen‐sensitive beverages, however, often require the use of barrier materials or oxygen‐scavenging additives incorporated into the PET material, which is in most cases polyamide (PA). As a consequence, small amounts of polyamide are entering the PET bottle‐to‐bottle recycling feedstream. Aim of the study was therefore the determination of the sorption behavior of bottles made of different PET/PA blends in comparison with a PET reference. As a result, PET test bottles containing blended PA amounts of up to 1000 ppm do not show a sorption behavior for the investigated model compounds, which is different from pure PET material. Therefore, polyamide impurities in the recycling streams coming from polyamide barrier bottles will not lead to a different sorption/remigration behavior as pure PET bottles. Consequently, evaluations of PET recycling processes will still be valid for feedstream materials containing such small amounts of polyamide from barrier bottles. On the other hand, the introduction of 8% of polyamide decreases significantly the sorption of organic compounds into the bottle wall. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Microelements in Oil by Combined Sample Preparation Technique

The determination of a wide spectrum of microelements in four oil samples from the Arlanskoye, Labaganskoye, Priobskoye, and Romashkinskoye oil fields of the Russian Federation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described. The following two techniques have been used for the sample preparation: microwave decomposition of oil for determination of Be, Na, Mg, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Cs, Ba, W, Re, and U; and extraction concentrating with rotating helix columns (RHC) for determination of Nb, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, Sb, Te, Hf, Ir, Pt, Te, and rare earth elements. Concentrating of the oil microelements with RHC has been shown to result in significant improvement of the ICP-MS detection limits.     

Ar-O2气体去除硅铁合金中金属杂质研究

硅铁合金在炼钢过程中被广泛用作合金剂和脱氧剂,其中含有的金属杂质Al,Ca,Ti会直接影响钢液的洁净度,因此采用顶吹Ar-O2气体的方法去除硅铁合金中的金属杂质。借助自动扫描电镜统计精炼前后硅铁合金中杂质相的形貌、成分、面积分数,通过ICP-AES测试金属杂质的含量变化。结果表明:硅铁合金原料中含有大量的金属杂质相,Al,Ca,Ti杂质含量分别为1.11%(质量分数,下同),0.31%,0.11%;吹气精炼5min时,Al和Ca的含量分别急剧降低至0.66%和0.13%;吹气精炼45min后,杂质元素去除速率变缓,精炼反应趋于平衡;吹气精炼120min时,Al,Ca,Ti含量分别降低至0.42%,0.014%,0.094%,去除率分别为62.16%,95.48%,14.54%。吹气精炼方法能有效去除硅铁合金中Al和Ca杂质,Ti杂质去除效果不明显。     

Trace elements partitioning during co-firing biomass with lignite in a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor

This study describes the partitioning of 18 trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) and 9 major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, S, Si, Ti) during co-firing of olive residue, hazelnut shell and cotton residue with high sulfur and ash content lignite in 0.3 MW(t) Middle East Technical University (METU) Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) test rig with limestone addition. Concentrations of trace elements in coal, biomass, limestone, bottom ash, cyclone ash and filter ash were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy (ICP-OES and ICP-MS). Partitioning of major and minor elements are influenced by the ash split between the bottom ash and fly ash and that the major proportion of most of the trace elements (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl, V and Zn) are recovered in fly ash when firing lignite only. Co-firing lignite with biomass enhances partitioning of these elements to fly ash. Co-firing also shifts the partitioning of Cd, P, Sb and Sn from bottom to fly ash.     

微波消解-ICP-AES/ICP-MS测定大米中微量元素

采用微波消解技术,电感耦合等离子体光谱(ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定了分别产自辽宁、四川、湖南三地的大米中21种元素B、Ba、Ca、Cd、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、P、S、Sr、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、Mo、Pb、Li、Cs。所有元素标准曲线回归方程线形系数均大于0.999,各元素相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5.31%(测定次数n=4),加标回收率为96.6%～110.6%,方法检出限:ICP-AES为0.0048～0.33μg·mL-1,ICP-MS为0.022～0.192ng·mL-1。用国家一级标准物质大米(GBW10010)验证了方法的准确性,测定值与推荐值相符,实验表明,P、S、K、Mg、Ca、Na、Zn、Mn、Fe、Cu在大米中含量较高。此方法简便、快速,适用于大米等粮食作物中微量元素的测定。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定生铁中硅锰磷砷锑锡

本文研究了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定生铁中常量元素磷、锰、硅及痕量元素砷、锑、锡。用盐酸-硝酸混合酸溶解试样,选择了各元素的合适分析谱线,在最佳工作条件下,测得磷、锰、硅、砷、锑、锡的检出限分别为0.0042%、0.0003%、0.0009%、0.0024%、0.0033%、0.0021%,相对标准偏差(n=10):常量元素磷、锰、硅及痕量元素砷的RSD小于2%,痕量元素锑和锡的RSD小于10%。本方法用标准物质进行测定,测定结果与认定值吻合。     

Long‐time Performance of Bottles Made of PET Blended with Various Concentrations of Oxygen Scavenger Additive Stored at Different Temperatures

Blending of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with oxygen scavenger additives is a way to reduce ingress of oxygen into PET bottles made of these blends. The objective is to reduce oxidation of packaged beverages and oils. However, few studies were performed about the long‐time influence of temperature on PET bottles with oxygen scavenger additives. Such knowledge is relevant for the development of accelerated tests. In this study, the influence of temperature on oxygen permeation of PET bottles with the oxygen scavenger additives MXD6 or Oxyclear® was examined. PET bottles made of blends of PET with 2, 5 and 8 wt.?% MXD6, respectively, or with 2 wt.?% Oxyclear® were filled with deoxygenated water. The bottles were stored at 5, 23, 38 and 55 °C up to 5 years. Oxygen partial pressure of the water in the bottles was measured regularly. As expected, oxygen partial pressure increased earlier at higher temperature because of faster exhaustion of the oxygen scavenger. Oxygen partial pressure of water in PET bottles with 8 wt.?% MXD6 was below 10 mbar even after 5 years storage time at 5 and 23 °C. Oxygen absorption capacity of activated MXD6 was at least 76 mg/g. This study shows that PET bottles with oxygen scavengers are able to reduce the oxygen ingress for several years, even at elevated temperatures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Impurities in Magnesium Alloys by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Measurement Techniques - The methods of determination of Be, Cu, Fe, Ni, Si, Ti, and Cd in certified standard samples of magnesium alloys by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)...     

Determination of metallic traces in kidneys,livers, lungs and spleens of rats with metallic implants after a long implantation time

Metallic transfer from implants does not stop at surrounding tissues, and metallic elements may be transferred by proteins to become lodged in organs far from the implant. This work presents an in vivo study of metallic implant corrosion to measure metallic element accumulation in organs located far from the implant, such as kidneys, livers, lungs and spleens. The studied metallic implant materials were CoCr alloy, Ti, and the experimental alloy MA956 coated with α-alumina. The implants were inserted in the hind legs of Wistar rats. Analysis for Co, Cr, Ti and Al metallic traces was performed after a long exposure time of 12 months by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) with Mass Spectrometry (MS). According to the results, the highest Cr and Ti concentrations were detected in spleens. Co is mainly found in kidneys, since this element is eliminated via urine. Cr and Ti traces increased significantly in rat organs after the long implantation time. The organs of rats implanted with the α-alumina coated experimental MA956 did not present any variation in Al content after 12 months, which means there was no degradation of the alumina layer surface.     

Investigation for analytical procedure for determination of trace metallic ions in simulated body fluids by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)

Influences of matrix elements and high viscosity in three kind of simulated body fluids (SBFs) on determination of trace metallic elements (Co, Cr, Ni, Al and V) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) were investigated. In addition, decreases of these effects were attempted by H₂SO₄ fume treatment. Calibration lines of the elements were constructed by the standard solutions made of elemental solutions and HCl or the SBFs. Gradients of calibration lines constructed by the each standard solution were different. Therefore, for accurate determination, calibration curve must be constructed by the elemental standard solution and the analytical solution. Limit of detection (LOD) of each element in the solutions was measured by a blank test. Although LODs of μg ⋅ L⁻¹ (ppb) order were nominal instrumental data, because of influences of the matrix elements and the high viscosity, the measured LODs of the elements in the SBFs were higher than those. However, the LODs were lowered by employing the H₂SO₄-fume treatment and approached to the nominal instrumental data. Therefore, H₂SO₄-fume treatment is extremely effective treatment in order to reduce the influences.     

用带八极杆碰撞／反应池的ICP-MS同时测定电镀废水中的12种重金属元素

为准确而简便地测定电镀废水中各重金属元素的含量,利用带八极杆碰撞／反应池（ORS）和屏蔽炬技术的电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP．MS）,通过向碰撞池中引入氦气或氢气,消除高盐基体可能带来的多原子离子干扰,同时测定了电镀废水中的V,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Ag,Cd,Sb,Pb12种重金属元素。结果表明：各元素的检出限为1．81～57．13ng／L,加标回收率在91．53％～108．00％,相对标准偏差RSD不高于3．25％。本法简便,灵敏和精度高,能一次性准确地测出电镀废水中多种重金属元素含量。     

ICP-AES法测定钴基高温合金中铌、钽、锆、钼、铝、钛、镧的研究

采用ICP－AES法测定了钴基高温合金中Nb,Ta,Zr,Mo,Al,Ti,La等元素，进行了试样的溶解、试液介质的影响、基体及共存元素的影响、内标元素的影响等试验，以及有关工厂的验证试验。本方法快速、稳定，已用于实际试样的分析，结果满意。     

Preparation of carbon-supported PtCo nanoparticle catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells by an electron-beam irradiation reduction method

We prepared carbon-supported PtCo bimetallic nanoparticles (PtCo/C) as electrode catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathodes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFCs) by an electron-beam irradiation reduction method (EBIRM). An EBIRM allows nanoparticles to be easily prepared by the reduction of precursor ions in an aqueous solution irradiated with a high-energy electron beam. The structures of PtCo/C were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and the techniques of X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption near edge structure. It found for the first time that both PtCo alloy and Co oxide were prepared simultaneously on the carbon support by an EBIRM. The catalytic activity and durability of PtCo/C were evaluated by linear-sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The addition of Co to Pt/C not only enhanced the catalytic activity for the ORR but also improved the catalytic durability. As the Co concentration increased, both behaviors became pronounced. These improvements are explained by the effects of both PtCo alloy and Co oxide. We demonstrated that an EBIRM can not only synthesize the alloy and oxide simultaneously on the carbon support but also mass-produce the electrode catalysts for PEFC cathodes.     

Partitioning behavior of trace elements during pilot-scale fluidized bed combustion of high ash content lignite

This study describes the partitioning of 20 trace elements (As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) and eight major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si, Ti) during the combustion of high ash content lignite. The experiments were carried out in the 0.3 MW(t) Middle East Technical University (METU) atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustor (ABFBC) test rig with and without limestone addition. Inert bed material utilized in the experiments was bed ash obtained previously from the combustion of the same lignite without limestone addition in the same test rig. Concentrations of trace elements in coal, limestone, bottom ash, cyclone ash and filter ash were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Partitioning of major and minor elements are influenced by the ash split between the bottom ash and fly ash and that the major proportion of most of the trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn) are recovered in fly ash. Limestone addition shifts the partitioning of Ba, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn from bottom ash to fly ash.     

Highly active Co–B, Co–Mo(W)–B amorphous nanotube catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde

High-quality, noncrystalline alloy Co–B, Co–Mo–B, and Co–W–B nanotubes were prepared by chemical co-reduction in cobalt chloride and ammonium heptamolybdate (or ammonium metatungstate) containing a liquid crystal system. The nanotubes were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, N₂ adsorption, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalytic performances of the as-prepared materials were carefully investigated for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde in the liquid phase under moderate pressure. Higher catalytic activity and selectivity to cinnamylalcohol were exhibited by the nanotubular catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde as compared with those of corresponding nanoparticles. The excellent performance of the nanotubes was correlated to their high specific surface area and tubular morphology. Mo and W effectively promoted the overall rate and yield of unsaturated alcohol. Aside from the higher catalytic activity, the structural stabilities of the nanotubular catalysts were also improved by doping in consecutive catalytic runs.     

Kinetic Migration of Chemical Elements from Ceramic Packaging into Simulated Foods and Mature Vinegar

This study developed a method for simultaneous determination of 19 chemical elements (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Ga, As, Rb, Y, Zr, Cd, Te, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Er and Pb) in simulated foods [4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid] by microwave‐assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We examined the migration of these chemical elements from ceramic packaging into the simulated foods and into two types of mature vinegar. The simulated foods showed matrix effects, compared with stock solution solvents (5% ultra‐pure nitric acid). The migration of chemical elements from ceramic packaging into simulated foods was affected by migration time, temperature and acidity of the simulated food. The chemical elements showed different migration behaviours in black and white mature vinegar, and the amount of migration also varied depending on the inner surface of the ceramic packaging. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long-term leaching from MSWI air-pollution-control residues: leaching characterization and modeling

Long-term leaching of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Na, S, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mo, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, P, Cl, and dissolved organic carbon from two different municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) air-pollution-control residues was monitored during 24 months of column percolation experiments; liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of 200-250L/kg corresponding to more than 10,000 years in a conventional landfill were reached. Less than 2% of the initially present As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Sb had leached during the course of the experiments. Concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mg, Hg, Mn, Ni, Co, Sn, Ti, and P were generally bellow 1microg/L; overall less than 1% of their mass leached. Column leaching data were further used in a two-step geochemical modeling in PHREEQC in order to (i) identify solubility controlling minerals and (ii) evaluate their interactions in a water-percolated column system over L/S of 250L/kg. Adequate predictions of pH, alkalinity, and the leaching of Ca, S, Al, Si, Ba, and Zn were obtained in a simultaneous calculation. Also, it was suggested that removal of Ca and S together with depletion of several minerals apparently caused dissolution of ettringite-like phases. In turn, significant increase in leaching of oxyanions (especially Sb and Cr) was observed at late stage of leaching experiments.     

Synthesis of mesoporous Co/Ce-SBA-15 materials and their catalytic performance in the catalytic oxidation of benzene

Cerium-containing SBA-15 mesoporous materials, with different Ce/Si molar ratios, were synthesized by a direct hydrothermal synthesis method and further modified by impregnation with 10, 15 and 20 wt.% Co. Characterizations by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ sorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and UV-vis spectroscopy were carried out. The small-angle XRD and N₂ sorption characterizations showed that these Co supported materials have less-ordered mesoporous structures with partial blockage of pores, and their specific surface area, pore volume and pore size were relatively lower than those of unsupported cerium-containing SBA-15. Spinel Co₃O₄ constituted the predominant cobalt phase in the prepared catalysts, and CeO₂ was also detected. All the Co supported catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity in the oxidation of benzene.     

Codoping of Ge with Al and Sb

Ge single crystals were doped with Al or Sb to various concentrations and codoped with Al and Sb in the ratios 3:1, 1:1, and 1 : 3. Using Hall effect measurements, the electron and hole concentrations in the doped crystals were determined. A relationship between the dopant-solubility limits and the maximum carrier concentration was found. The data obtained were shown to be consistent with the processes Al ↔ Al^- + h and Sb ↔ Sb⁺ + e in Ge doped with Al or Sb up to the solubility limit. In the material codoped with Al and Sb in the atomic ratio 3 : 1, the hole concentration is equal to the difference in the Al and Sb concentrations. At an Al : Sb ratio of 1 : 3, the electron concentration in Ge(Al, Sb) is higher than that in Ge<Sb> because of the increase in Sb solubility in the presence of Al. The crystals doped with equal concentrations of Al and Sb aren-type. The results are interpreted in terms of donor-acceptor interaction and compensation effect.