Influence of Flour Particle Size on Quality of Gluten-Free Rice Cakes

There is a growing interest in developing gluten-free bakery products in recent time. In cake making, gluten network formation is not essential, but hardly any information exists about the influence of the gluten-free flour characteristics affecting the final cake product. This study analyses the influence of two different rice cultivars (short and long) with different flour particle size in batter characteristics (specific volume, viscosity and internal structure) and in sponge and layer cake formulas (volume, shape, texture and colour). During starch gelatinization, the finest flours (median particle size finer than 100 μm) increased their viscosity and reached the peak viscosity (RVA) later than the coarsest flours. Moreover, the finest flours gave batters with lower specific volumes but with an air distribution in smaller and uniform bubbles in both formulas. These flours also produced higher volume and lower firmness in sponge cakes and greater symmetry index both in sponge and layer cakes. The rice type also influenced batter and cakes characteristics but in a lesser extent. The different results obtained depending on the rice flour particle size, type flour and cake formulation indicate the need to define them both in industrial specifications and in research studies.     

Impact of Legume Flours on Quality and In Vitro Digestibility of Starch and Protein from Gluten-Free Cakes

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of incorporation of different legumes (chickpea, pea, lentil and bean) on quality, chemical composition and in vitro protein and starch digestibility of gluten-free layer cake (rice flour/legume flour, 50:50). The incorporation of legume flours increased the batter viscosity and, with exception of chickpea, resulted in higher specific cake volume than that in control. Chickpea and pea containing cakes had the brightest and the most yellowish crust. The legumes significantly increased the hardness and chewiness in the cakes, except with addition of lentil. Enriched cakes had higher total protein, available proteins, minerals, fat, as well as fiber content with except in the case of chickpeas. Legumes significantly affect the in vitro hydrolysis of starch fractions, decreasing the rapidly digestible starch yielding a reduction in the eGI, except chickpea containing samples. Overall, considering physicochemical properties and nutritional quality, lentil flour incorporation resulting in the best gluten-free cakes.     

Effects of adding chickpea and chestnut flours to layer cakes

Chestnut and chickpea flours have interesting nutritional characteristics and can be incorporated into layer cake formulations. This study aims to evaluate the effect of incorporating mixtures of these flours with wheat flour in the elaboration of layer cakes. With this aim, layer cakes were elaborated with the three different flours. Mixes of 50% of these flours and a mixture of the three flours in the same proportion were analysed. Batter density, microstructure and viscosity, as well as the specific volume, texture and acceptability of layer cakes were evaluated. Chickpea flour reduced the batter density and increased viscosity compared to wheat flour, while chestnut flour reduced viscosity and did not clearly affect density. Although both flours produced layer cakes with lower specific volume, as well as less cohesive and springiness, the effect on specific volume was clearer in chestnut flour. With 50% of chickpea flour, it was possible to obtain layer cakes with the same specific volume and hardness as those made with wheat flour. Layer cake acceptability decreased with the reduction in wheat flour, regardless of the type of flour incorporated. No improved acceptability has been found when combining chickpea and chestnut flours.     

Studies of the quality of cakes made with wheat-lentil composite flours

Legume flours, due to their amino acid balance and their demonstrated nutritional benefits, are ideal ingredients to improve the nutritional characteristics of bakery products. We have studied the inclusion of lentil flour on layer and sponge cakes, and its effect on the characteristics of the batter and of the final product. The addition of lentil flours reduced the density of layer-cake batter but increased the density of sponge-cake batter. This effect was greater with the smaller flour-particle size. Adding lentil flour to the formula reduced layer-cake volume, symmetry index, cohesiveness and springiness and increased hardness. In sponge cakes, no clear tendencies were observed in volume or symmetry index, but the total substitution of wheat flour by lentil flour gave rise to harder and less cohesive cakes. The use of lentil flour with a fine particle size increased cake volume but reduced hardness, particularly in sponge cakes.     

Optimization of Baking of Rice Cakes in Infrared–Microwave Combination Oven by Response Surface Methodology

In this study, response surface methodology was used to design gluten-free cakes made from rice flour to be baked in infrared-microwave combination oven. Two types of cake formulations containing different types of gums were used in the experiments, which were xanthan gum and xanthan–guar gum blend. The independent variables were emulsifier content (0, 3, and 6% of flour weight), upper halogen lamp power (50, 60, and 70%), and baking time (7, 7.5, and 8 min). Specific volume, surface color change, firmness and weight loss of the cakes were determined for optimization. Cakes formulated with xanthan gum had better quality characteristics than cakes containing xanthan–guar gum blend. Cakes formulated with xanthan gum and 5.28% emulsifier and baked using 60% halogen lamp power for 7 min had the most acceptable quality.     

Potential of teff (Eragrostis tef) flour as an ingredient in gluten-free cakes: chemical,technological and sensory quality

This article aimed to evaluate the chemical, technological and sensory characteristics of gluten-free cakes made with teff (Eragrostis tef). Four cakes were evaluated: T1, 100% teff flour; T2, 75% teff flour, 12.5% rice flour, 12.5% cassava starch; T3, 50% teff flour, 25% rice flour, 25% cassava starch and T4, 25% teff flour, 37.5% rice flour, 37.5% cassava starch. Higher percentages of teff increased total ash. For apparent and specific volumes, T4 was the one with the highest mean. In sensory analysis, the attributes of appearance, colour and odour did not have significant difference among treatments. T1 received the lowest overall average for flavour (5.03). Regarding the purchase intention, the cakes did not show significant difference between T3 and T2 (3.25 and 3.08). T2, T3 and T4 obtained acceptance index higher than 70%. The use of teff flour in cakes can be promising in gluten free diet.     

Effect of Microwave Radiation Pretreatment of Rice Flour on Gluten-Free Breadmaking and Molecular Size of β-Glucans in the Fortified Breads

Cereal β-glucan concentrates can be used in gluten-free breads to improve dough handling properties and quality of final products as well as to enhance their nutritional value; however, the presence of endogenous β-glucanases in rice flour, in combination with prolonged mixing, fermentation, and proofing time, can cause a substantial reduction in β-glucan molecular weight, affecting detrimentally their efficacy for bioactivity. In this study, microwave (MIWA) heating was applied to the rice flours before breadmaking at different flour water contents (13–25%) and treatment times (0-4 min) to reduce β-glucanase activity. Gluten-free breads made from the MIWA-treated rice flours were fortified with oat β-glucan concentrate to enhance their nutritional profile. The molecular weight of added β-glucan in the final products increased with increasing both flour water content and time of MIWA treatment, reflecting the magnitude of residual β-glucanase activity in the flour. Pretreatment with MIWA radiation for 4 min of the rice flour tempered at 25% moisture resulted in negligible residual β-glucanase activity and preserved to a great extent the molecular weight of β-glucans in the enriched breads. End-product quality was not affected by flour MIWA pretreatment, and even a slightly higher loaf specific volume was noted for breads made from the MIWA-treated flours (4 min MIWA at 25% moisture content) compared to that of untreated flour. These findings can contribute to the improvement of nutritional value of rice-based gluten-free breads for celiac consumers as well as of any β-glucan-containing yeast-leavened bakery product without altering its sensorial attributes. Additional studies are still required for further evaluation of the effect of more intense microwave treatment on rice flour and its application on breadmaking.     

Rheological,Physical, and Sensory Attributes of Gluten‐Free Rice Cakes Containing Resistant Starch

In this study the effect of resistant starch (RS) addition on gluten‐free cakes from rice flour and tapioca starch physical and sensorial properties was investigated. Increase in RS concentration made cake batters less elastic (drop of G'(ω), G''(ω) values) and thinner (viscosity decreased). Cakes specific volume increased with an increase in RS level and was maximized for 15 g/100 g RS, although porosity values were significantly unaffected by RS content. Crumb grain analysis exhibited a decrease in surface porosity, number of pores and an increase in average pore diameter as RS concentration increased. During storage, cake crumb remained softer in formulations with increasing amounts of RS. Sensory evaluation of cakes demonstrated the acceptance of all formulations, with cake containing 20 g/100 g RS mostly preferred. Gluten‐free cakes with improved quality characteristics and high nutritional value can be manufactured by the incorporation of RS.     

不同品种和粒度对米粉糊化特性及米蛋糕品质的影响

为研究不同品种和粒度米粉对米蛋糕品质的影响,选取粳米、籼米、糯米三个品种,分别制备80、100、120、140目的米粉。通过测定不同品种和粒度米粉的糊化特性、米蛋糕的质构特性和感官品质等,采用定性方法分析得出不同品种和粒度米粉对米蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明:随着目数的增加,米粉小颗粒受到的机械损伤增大,水分迅速蒸发,米粉的水分含量逐渐减小;小颗粒粉体更容易吸水膨胀,糊化温度逐渐减小。而衰减值和回生值逐渐增大,峰值黏度和最终黏度先增大后减小;随米粉目数的增加,米蛋糕的咀嚼性逐渐减小,而硬度和弹性逐渐增大,内聚性和感官评分先增大后减小;不同品种米粉的糊化特性、老化特性以及蛋糕品质等均存在差异,米粉粒度对蛋糕品质具有一定的影响。在过筛目数为120目时,蛋糕的感官得分达到最高。当米粉过筛目数在140目粒径较小时,质地过于松软,食用时咀嚼性差,口感欠佳,蛋糕品质下降。相比于糯米粉而言,粳米粉和籼米粉更适宜制作蛋糕,由粳米粉为原料制作的蛋糕品质更好。综上所述,过筛目数为120目的粳米粉更适合制作蛋糕。     

Studies on cake quality made of wheat–chickpea flour blends

Legume flours, due to their amino acid composition and fibre content are ideal ingredients for improving the nutritional value of bread and bakery products. In this study, the influence of the total or partial replacement of wheat flour by chickpea flour on the quality characteristics of two kinds of cake was analyzed. The effects of the chickpea variety and the kind of flour used (white or whole) were also considered. Volume, symmetry, chroma, and crust and crumb L^* diminished when increasing the amount of chickpea flour. The replacement of wheat flour by chickpea flour also induced an increase in the initial firmness but cohesiveness and resilience diminished, increasing the tendency to hardening. Among the studied varieties, Pedrosillano and Sinaloa produced cakes with the highest volume. Those varieties also gave layer cakes with the lowest firmness, gumminess and chewiness. White flours produced sponge cakes with higher volume and symmetry than whole flours. No significant differences, however, were observed in layer cakes between white and whole flours. In both layer and sponge cakes, white flour produced cakes with lower firmness, gumminess and chewiness than whole flours.     

Addition of pin-milled pea flour and air-classified fractions in layer and sponge cakes

Legumes have interesting nutritional properties and many organizations, such as the World Health Organization, encourage their inclusion in the diet; their incorporation into bakery products could be a good method for increasing consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the addition of different percentages of pin-milled pea flour or its air-classified protein and starch fractions to sponge and layer cakes. Specific volume, pH and viscosity were measured in batters and specific volume, shape and texture in cakes. Evaluation through sensory analysis in a consumer test was performed after exclusion of the poorest cakes. Pin-milled pea-flour and starch-fraction cakes had similar specific volumes and firmness to wheat-flour cakes with substitution of up to 50% of the wheat flour in sponge cakes and up to 25% in layer cakes. In contrast, protein produced a lower cake specific volume and increased firmness at lower substitution percentages. Sensory acceptability decreased with increasing substitution percentages, and this was more pronounced in layer cakes. In sponge cakes, evaluations were similar to controls after substitution of 25% of the wheat flour by starch concentrate.     

Effect of quinoa,chia and millet addition on consumer acceptability of gluten-free bread

There is an increasing demand for gluten-free foods; however, standard gluten-free foods are deficient in nutrients. This study investigated the use of alternative grains (chia, millet and quinoa) in gluten-free breads to evaluate their sensory properties (fresh and following a partial bake method). A sensory trial (n = 98) asked participants to consider six fresh bread samples made from chia, millet and quinoa, using 9-point hedonic scales and check-all-that-apply. A second sensory trial (n = 89) was then completed using par-baked bread samples of the different formulations. The sensory properties and the acceptability of the bread were significantly affected by the chia and quinoa flour. The millet flour did not change the acceptability of the bread. Furthermore, the partial baking method (after 90 days of frozen storage) did not significantly affect the acceptability of the breads made with chia, millet and quinoa, but it did affect the acceptability of the control bread prepared with brown rice flour. Overall, millet flour could be incorporated into gluten-free breads made following a partial baking method without affecting consumer acceptability. Future studies should use a trained panel to evaluate how the breads differ based on the partial baking method.     

EFFECTS OF BAKING PARAMETERS ON THE WHITE LAYER CAKE QUALITY BY COMBINED USE OF CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE OVENS

The effects of combined conventional and microwave oven baked white layer cake characteristics were studied. Two types of commercially milled wheat flour, white (A) and whole wheat (B), were used. The modified white layer cake making method was used for conducting the cake baking trials. The conventional baking times (8 or 11 min), microwave power (400 or 600 W) and microwave baking time (30, 40, or 50 s) were chosen as baking parameters. Conventional baking was applied to form the cake crust before baking with the microwave oven used to form the crumb of the cakes. The performance of combination baking was compared with the performance of conventional baking. The volume, bake loss, internal factors, and crust color of cakes were evaluated as quality characteristics. The bake losses of cakes using the combination of short oven times and low microwave power for selected microwave times were smaller than the bake losses of the control cakes for both flours. Long oven times and low microwave power increased the specific volume of cakes. Cakes baked from flours A and B exhibited similar internal properties. Oven time significantly affected the crust color of cakes made with flour A. The crust color of cakes made with flour B was similar to the crust color of control cakes. Using a combination of conventional and microwave baking produces cakes with qualities equivalent to the qualities of cakes produced with conventional baking.     

Characteristics of Some Fiber Incorporated Cake Preparations and their Dietary Fiber Content

The dietary fibers were mainly isolated from seed hull of field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), waste pulp of pineapple (Ananas camosus) as well as from whole wheat flour and, the fiber yields were 16.8, 2.0 and 7.0g/100g, respectively. These isolated fibers were included in sponge cake preparation by partially replacing all-purpose flour (maida) by 5% (w/w). Cakes and cake batter were evaluated for pH change, specific gravity, volume, moisture content, and color. The sensory characteristics and volume of the cakes were not altered with the inclusion of isolated fiber in the cake. The sensory quality evaluation showed that the fiber incorporated cakes were acceptable similar to the cake without added fiber. Incorporation of various fibers in the cake preparation increased the total dietary fiber content of the product by 4-6%.     

Effect of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) flour addition on the quality of wheat‐based cake

The effect of substituting tigernut flour for wheat flour on the proximate, mineral and pasting properties of the resultant blends and cake quality were studied. The proximate composition of flour blends increased with increasing level of tigernut. Protein increased from 22.30 to 26.93% and fat from 4.17 to 7.21% resulting in an increase in energy value from 342.09 to 390.93 kcal. The pasting properties of the flour blends were affected significantly (P ≤ 0.05) by tigernut substitution. Pasting peak time and temperature decreased with increasing level of tigernut. Mineral elements such as iron and calcium increased from 3.13 to 4.19 and 54.01 to 56.41 (mg 100 g^?1) respectively, with tigernut substitution. The weight and volume of cakes increased with tigernut level while batter density and volume index decreased. Acceptable cakes can be made with up to 30% tigernut flour substitution. Such composite cakes may help in reducing protein energy and micronutrient deficiencies.     

Adequacy of wholegrain non-wheat flours for layer cake elaboration

Flours (white and wholegrain flours) from wheat, rye, triticale, barley and tritordeum were used to elaborate layer cakes. The pasting properties (RVA) and the water-absorption (doughLab) of flours were analyzed. The batter characteristics (density, G′, G″, tan δ, consistency and flow index), and the cake characteristics (cake volume, crumb and crust colour and texture after 1 and 7 days) were studied. A sensorial evaluation of the cakes was also performed. Wholegrain flours showed higher pasting temperature and water-absorption, but lower peak time and viscosity than white flours. Its batters showed lower density and consistency and higher G′, G″, tan δ and n values. Wholegrain cakes showed lower specific volume, symmetry, colour characteristics, and staling rate but higher initial firmness. Considering the different cereals, barley showed the most different behaviour in flour, batter and cake characteristics. DoughLab analysis was very interesting to understand the adequacy of flours to cake elaboration, since significant correlations were found between water-absorption and specific volume, symmetry and firmness. Little differences in the consumer test were obtained between wheat and non-wheat cakes. Wholegrain non-wheat cakes could be a good alternative to white flour wheat cakes, due to their adequate technological properties and their nutritional advantages.     

Effect of Flour Type and Baking Temperature on Cake Dynamic Height Profile Measurements During Baking

A dynamic height profile method using digital imaging of cakes at 2 min intervals during baking was used to analyze changes in volume during baking for cakes made with three different flour types (plain flour, heat-treated cake flour, and strong white flour) and baked at three different temperatures (175°C, 190°C, and 205°C). The cakes made from the different flours showed, with some exceptions, a similar trend in the shape and development of the top contour during baking. In the first 4–6 min of baking, there was relatively little expansion followed by a period of rapid expansion to the maximum volume and a period of contraction up to the end of baking. For the three flour types, volume peaked at 16–17 min for the medium and high baking temperatures and at 20 min for the low baking temperature. Cakes made from heat-treated cake flour and strong white flour baked at low and high temperatures produced cakes where the center of the cake was lower than the surrounding pins resulting in a final undesirable dimpled cake contour. A higher baking temperature caused the cake to rise more rapidly. Baking at high temperature produced cakes which shrank the most (P < 0.001) during cooling. Among all combinations of flour type and different temperature treatments, cake made from heat-treated cake flour baked at the middle temperature produced the best final cake in terms of a final dome-shape contour, an appreciable volume during baking, less volume shrinkage during baking, and maximum cross-sectional area of the half cake after 1 h cooling.     

不同乳化剂对糯米糕品质的影响及抗老化研究

以糯米粉、粘米粉为原料制作糯米糕,以感官评定与质构分析为指标,研究不同食品乳化剂对糯米糕品质的影响及抗老化效果.结果表明:单一乳化剂对糯米糕品质的改善均有一定的作用,单独添加蔗糖脂肪酸酯(sucrose fatty acid ester,SE)0.60％、单硬脂酸甘油酯(glyceryl monostearate,GM...     

The advantage of using extrusion processing for increasing dietary fibre level in gluten-free products

Gluten-free products generally are not enriched/fortified and frequently are made from refined flour and/or starch. Such products have been found to provide lower amounts of total dietary fibre than their enriched/fortified gluten-containing counterparts.The objective of this study was to increase the level of total dietary fibre in gluten-free products by using extrusion technology and by incorporating a number of different fruits and vegetables, such as apple, beetroot, carrot, cranberry and gluten-free Teff flour cereal. The materials were added at the level of 30% into the gluten-free balanced formulation (control) made from rice flour, potato starch, corn starch, milk powder and soya flour. Different process conditions, such as water feed rate 12%, solid feed rate 15–25 kg/h, screw speed 200–350 rpm, barrel temperatures: 80 °C at feed entry and 80–150 °C at die exit were used. Pressure, material temperature and torque were monitored during extrusion runs. The relationships and interactions between raw ingredients, extrusion processing parameters and resulting extrudate nutritional and textural properties were investigated.The results of this study clearly show that extrusion technology has the potential to increase the levels of total dietary fibre in gluten-free products made from vegetables, fruits and gluten-free cereals.