Water vapour permeability of edible bilayer films of wheat gluten and lipids

Various formulations and methods of fabricating edible bilayer films consisting of wheat gluten as a structural layer and a thin lipid layer as a moisture barrier were investigated and examined for water vapour permeability. Solid lipids such as beeswax or paraffin wax deposited in a molten state onto the base film were the most effective water vapour barriers. A film consisting of wheat gluten, glycerol and diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglyceride as one layer, and beeswax as the other yielded a water vapour permeability of 0.0048 g mm m⁻² mmHg⁻¹ 24h⁻¹, which was less than that obtained with low density polyethylene.     

超临界CO2萃取冷破碎苹果皮蜡质工艺优化及其成分分析

以冷破碎苹果皮渣为原料,研究超临界CO2萃取苹果皮蜡质的工艺条件,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析苹果皮蜡质的化学组成。结果表明:超临界CO2萃取苹果皮蜡质的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力35MPa,萃取温度50℃,萃取时间1.5h,原料粒度>100目,该条件下萃取率为2.081%;用GC-MS检测到萃取物中36种化合物,其中主要成分是饱和烷烃和酯类,这两类物质的相对含量分别为41.44%和37.41%;其次,苹果皮蜡质还含有醇类、脂肪酸、酮类、β-谷甾醇、木栓酮等成分。     

Sanitizing Effects of Fruit Waxes at High pH and Temperature on Orange Surfaces Inoculated with Escherichia coli

We determined the bactericidal activity of surface applied waxes on oranges. Effective bactericidal activity of combined alkali and heat treatments was observed on both glass slides and orange fruit surfaces. A five log reduction of Escherichia coli was attained by dipping inoculated glass slides in heated (≥50°C) alkaline (pH 10) wax solution for 4 min. A pH 11, dipping at ≥50°C for ≥2 min achieved similar bactericidal effects. On the fruit surface, wax treatments were effective at the non-stem scar area. Thus, applied fruit waxes may be useful on raw agricultural commodities to reduce surface microbial contaminants.     

真蜡防印花布MEGAFIX~ BPS型活性染料双层泡印花

文章探讨了非洲市场上流行的真蜡防印花布双层泡印花的工艺流程。分析得出MEGAFIX@BPS型活性染料是适合双层泡印花的染料。调节防染剂的用量可以得到深浅不同的层次。     

Edible composite films of wheat gluten and lipids: water vapour permeability and other physical properties

Edible composite films comprised of wheat gluten as the structural matrix and various concentrations of different lipids as the moisture barrier component were tested for water vapour permeability, dispersion in water, opacity and mechanical properties. the effects of lipids on the functional properties of gluten-based composite films depended on the lipid characteristics and on the interactions between the lipid and the protein structural matrix. Beeswax, a solid and highly hydrophobic lipid, was the most effective lipid for improving moisture barrier properties of films; but these films were opaque, weak and disintegrated easily in water. Combining wheat gluten proteins with a diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides reduced water vapour permeability, increased strength and maintained transparency.     

Dynamic changes in wax and cutin compounds and the relationship with water loss in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples during shelf life

Knowledge of the dynamic composition changes of combined cuticular wax and cutin in apples during their shelf life is scarce. Therefore, this issue was addressed using GC-MS analyses of the respective epidermal components in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples at 5 days intervals during the shelf life of 25 days. Water loss from the apples was also assessed. The proportion of total n-alkanes decreased in cuticular wax, whereas total acids increased gradually, and cutin monomer content significantly changed during the first 5 days. The predominant wax compound, nonacosane (C₂₉), decreased by 40.13% and 26.22% in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples, respectively. The cutin monomers 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid (10,16-diOH C_16:0) and 9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (9,10,18-triOH C_18:0) were detected only at the beginning of shelf life in apples of both cultivars. Regression analysis indicated that the rate of water loss significantly correlated with eight components. Our results expand the understanding of the dynamics of both wax and cutin compounds in postharvest apples and help to target specific compounds to maintain the quality of apples throughout their shelf life.     

Effect of liquid nitrogen pretreatments on osmotic dehydration of blueberries

Fresh blueberries are highly perishable and must be preserved by either freezing or drying technologies. However, moisture impermeability of their skin is a barrier against the moisture diffusion slowing down the drying process. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of liquid nitrogen pretreatments on osmotic dehydration kinetics of two blueberry species, Vaccinium corymbosum L. and Vaccinium angustifolium Ait, and on the physicochemical quality of dehydrated fruits.     

Solid Lipid Dispersions: Potential Delivery System for Functional Ingredients in Foods

Structured solid lipid (SL) systems have the advantages of long‐term physical stability, low surfactant concentrations, and may exhibit controlled release of active ingredients. In this research work, the potential use of high‐melting SLs for the production of the above structured SL carrier systems was investigated. Dispersions containing either SL or blend of solid lipid and oil (SL+O) were produced by a hot melt high‐pressure homogenization method. Experiments involved the use of 3 different SLs for the disperse phase: stearic acid, candelilla wax and carnauba wax. Sunflower oil was incorporated in the disperse phase for the production of the dispersions containing lipid and oil. In order to evaluate the practical aspects of structured particles, analytical techniques were used including: static light scattering to measure particle sizes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for investigating particle morphology and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the crystallization behavior of lipids in bulk and in dispersions. Results showed different mean particle sizes depending on the type of lipid used in the disperse phase. Particle sizes for the 3 lipids were: stearic acid (SL: 195 ± 2.5 nm; SL+O: 138 ± 6.0 nm); candelilla wax (SL: 178 ± 1.7 nm; SL+O: 144 ± 0.6 nm); carnauba wax (SL: 303 ± 1.5 nm; SL+O: 295 ± 5.0 nm). TEM results gave an insight into the practical morphology, showing plate‐like and needle‐like structures. DSC investigations also revealed that SL dispersions melted and crystallized at lower temperatures than the bulk. This decrease can be explained by the small particle sizes of the dispersion, the high‐specific surface area, and the presence of a surfactant.     

The physicochemical characteristics and hydrophobicity of high amylose starch–glycerol films in the presence of three natural waxes

The film forming behaviour and hydrophobicity of high amylose (HA) starch in the presence of three different natural waxes (beeswax, candelilla wax and carnauba wax) were studied in the presence and absence of Tween-80. The HA starch:glycerol (G) ratio was maintained at 80:20 (on dry solid basis) and the concentration of wax was varied from 5% and 10% (w/w). The melted wax samples were homogenized with HAG dispersion with or without Tween-80 and the films were prepared by solution casting. The hydrophobicity and water-barrier properties in these films were determined by using contact angle (CA), water vapour permeability (K_w) tests, and water sorption isotherm at 0.529 RH and 20 °C. The K_w values of the HAG films decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the addition of 5% concentration of these waxes. Then the addition of Tween-80 to the HAG + wax films increased the K_w values significantly (p < 0.05). The presence of these waxes in the presence and absence of Tween-80 resulted into different sorption isotherms and the water adsorptivity and moisture diffusion coefficient values were also affected. The presence of Tween-80 increased the CA in HAG + carnauba wax films while the CA was found to decrease in the case of other two waxes. The highest hydrophobicity was observed in HAG + carnauba wax + Tween-80 films in which the CA was >80.0° both at 5% and 10% (w/w) wax concentration. These higher CA values in HAG + carnauba wax + Tween-80 films were found to be related to the higher surface roughness in these films.     

世界油料、油脂供需及贸易格局分析

总结近几年世界油料、油脂生产、消费以及贸易格局变动特征,分析了大豆、油菜籽、花生、棕榈油、大豆油、菜籽油及葵花籽油的主产国和需求国之间供需贸易情况,以及未来世界油脂市场供求贸易关系的演变趋势。分析表明:未来发展中国家对油料、油脂市场的影响日趋显著;从全球视角来看,油料主要供给国之间以及主要需求国之间存在相互竞争关系,具体表现为供给国供应能力和需求国购买力相互间的权衡。     

Composition of meat and offal from weaned and fattened rabbits and results of stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines

BACKGROUND: Rabbit meat has excellent nutritive properties. The purpose of this study was to characterize rabbit meat and offal; in particular, the lipid fraction was studied in order to evaluate total and positional fatty acid (FA) compositions of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) fractions. Eight samples of weaned and eight of fattened rabbits were considered. RESULTS: Fattened rabbit meat contained slightly higher protein percentage content (P < 0.05) in comparison to weaned (20.1% versus 18.0%). Calcium content was higher in meat than in offal, unlike sodium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper. The cholesterol content in offal was much higher than in meat. FA profiles of total lipid showed a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and an n‐6/n‐3 ratio of 10.3 for fattened rabbit meat. Stereospecific analysis of TAG and PC was carried out on an eight‐sample pool of each meat and offal from weaned and fattened rabbits. In all samples the sn‐2‐position was prevalently esterified with oleic and linoleic acids in TAG, with polyunsaturated fatty acids in PC. CONCLUSION: Lipids from rabbit meat presented higher content of monounsaturated FA and lower n‐6/n‐3 ratio in comparison to offal, which was characterized by higher cholesterol and mineral levels. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

卡巴氧的代谢物喹喔啉-2-羧酸人工抗原的合成及其多克隆抗体的制备

实验采用碳二亚胺法将卡巴氧代谢物喹喔啉-2-羧酸（QCA）与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）偶联,采用用混合酸酐法将其与卵清白蛋白（OVA）偶联,分别将其作为免疫原（QCA-BSA）和包被原（QCA-OVA）进行抗血清的制备及ELISA实验。经过多次动物免疫及EILSA实验,结果表明,获得了高效价的特异性抗体。     

羊兔毛精梳弹力织物的研究与开发

通过对兔毛纤维进行改性处理改善其可纺性,并与羊毛、氨纶和其他原料等混合,采用半精纺和精梳工艺相结合生产羊兔毛精梳弹力纱,生产出羊兔毛精梳弹力织物。根据兔毛纤维的特点,为了达到理想的针梳效果,对针梳机设备作了改进,使纱线的质量和条干均匀度良好。通过对原料的选择、混纺比的确定、纺纱、织造、后整理等一整套工艺路线和技术参数的选择,研制的羊兔毛精纺弹力织物外观华贵,手感柔软滑糯,具有独特风格。     

野杂种猪肉品质特性研究及应用进展

本文综述了野杂种猪肉品质特性的研究及利用状况,分析了大面积推广应用野杂种猪可能出现的风险,并提出了开展野杂种猪肉品质特性选育的方向。     

酒曲根霉的分离纯化及淀粉酶活力测定

本试验采用直接分离法和单菌落挑选法从酒曲中分离纯化得到30株根霉,测定其液化酶、糖化酶和麦芽低聚糖活力,根霉Rhizopus RN-1,Rhizopus RA-1,Rhizopus RS-1,RhizopusRQ-1具有低聚糖酶产生能力,且产糖化酶和液化酶活力比传统的Q303都高.     

有机硅-聚丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成及应用

对聚丙烯酰胺与有机硅的共聚合成做了初步研究,将该共聚物用于造纸实验,发现其具有良好的增强作用,并对提高纸张施胶度有一定的作用.     

细小纤维与CPAM共絮凝体的性质对加添的影响

采用针叶木浆板为原料制备细小纤维,阔叶木浆板为原料制备标准纤维。加入不同量的细小纤维与填料共絮凝,改变它们的添加顺序,利用CPAM研究其共絮聚体的留着和对纸浆滤水性能的影响,结果表明:在阳离子聚丙烯酰胺作用下,填料和细小纤维的添加顺序影响浆料的滤水性和填料的留着,先加填料比先加细小纤维的浆料滤水性好,填料留着也高。