纤维缠绕复合材料固化过程残余应力/应变的三维数值模拟

采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对具有金属内衬的纤维缠绕复合材料圆筒在固化过程中残余应力及应变的变化规律进行了模拟计算。采用FORTRAN语言编制了用以分析固化过程中残余应力的子程序,该子程序考虑了固化过程中复合材料力学性质的变化和由于树脂固化收缩产生的化学收缩应变。算例结果表明：复合材料和金属内衬的残余应力在初始阶段均接近于零,当固化到一定阶段,残余应力迅速增加并且很快达到最大值,在降温阶段释放了部分的残余应力;在整个固化过程中,金属内衬受到压应力,而纤维缠绕层受到拉应力。本文中的三维有限元模型可以得到任意时刻复合材料的温度及固化度分布,通过数值模拟可以有效地优化复合材料固化工艺参数,提高制件的质量。     

复合材料缠绕压力容器的失效风险分析

压力容器的可靠性和安全性将直接影响到空间系统或导弹使命的成败。分析了可能导致复合材料缠绕压力容器失效的危险因素,详细介绍了应力断裂、撞击损伤、内衬泄漏等危险因素的分析和预测方法,并给出了某复合材料缠绕压力容器的失效风险分析结果。     

纤维缠绕聚合物基复合材料压力容器的可靠性设计

为对纤维缠绕聚合物基复合材料( FWRP) 压力容器进行可靠性设计和安全测评, 引入可靠性理论; 应用统计学原理, 以同一失效概率为标准进行FWRP 压力容器结构设计, 以取代目前应用的传统安全系数法设计。根据国家标准制备8 个玻璃纤维缠绕复合材料( GFWRP) 压力容器, 通过实验获得纤维强度、缠绕角、几何尺寸、爆破压力等随机变量特征值。GFWRP 压力容器结构可靠性设计值(纤维缠绕壁厚) 与实验结果基本吻合, 并明显小于传统安全系数法设计值。通过对不同纤维强度随机分布可靠性设计理论计算结果的比较, 确知纤维强度的离散程度是FWRP 压力容器可靠性设计的重要影响因素。传统安全系数设计法只考虑纤维强度(均值) 大小, 而无视纤维强度随机分布特征值对FWRP 压力容器结构抗力的影响, 显然是不合理的。可靠性设计实现了安全性与经济性的有效统一。      

纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器封头厚度预测

本研究的目的是建立一种用来预测纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器封头厚度的方法。针对固化成型的复合材料压力容器封头型面, 基于封头段所有缠绕纱带总体积保持不变条件, 提出了一种采用三次样条函数来预测复合材料压力容器封头厚度的方法。采用该方法对具有不同几何尺寸、 不同缠绕工艺参数的复合材料压力容器进行了封头厚度预测, 并与传统预测方法及实际厚度测量值作了对比分析。算例结果表明, 该方法能够比传统方法更准确地预测纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器的封头厚度, 从而为有限元建模分析提供精确的厚度参数。      

缠绕图型对纤维缠绕复合材料力学性能影响的有限元模拟

针对纤维缠绕复合材料结构中存在纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替的特点,建立了一种分析缠绕图型对缠绕复合材料结构力学性能影响的有限元方法。采用ABAQUS有限元软件,分析了考虑纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替后缠绕复合材料圆柱壳的应力、应变分布规律,并且研究了缠绕图型对缠绕圆柱壳屈曲临界载荷的影响。结果表明:采用层合板模型计算得到的圆柱壳的应力分布比较均匀;考虑纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替后,缠绕复合材料圆柱壳的应力不再均匀分布,应力云图出现规则分布的菱形图案,在菱形区域中纤维交叉起伏和铺层走向交替处的应力有明显的波动。本实验有限元模型中的菱形特征单元可以反映缠绕复合材料纤维交叉起伏和铺层走向交替的实际情况。     

缠绕图型对纤维缠绕复合材料力学性能影响的有限元模拟

针对纤维缠绕复合材料结构中存在纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替的特点,建立了一种分析缠绕图型对缠绕复合材料结构力学性能影响的有限元方法。采用ABAQUS有限元软件,分析了考虑纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替后缠绕复合材料圆柱壳的应力、应变分布规律,并且研究了缠绕图型对缠绕圆柱壳屈曲临界载荷的影响。结果表明:采用层合板模型计算得到的圆柱壳的应力分布比较均匀;考虑纤维束交叉起伏和铺层走向交替后,缠绕复合材料圆柱壳的应力不再均匀分布,应力云图出现规则分布的菱形图案,在菱形区域中纤维交叉起伏和铺层走向交替处的应力有明显的波动。本实验有限元模型中的菱形特征单元可以反映缠绕复合材料纤维交叉起伏和铺层走向交替的实际情况。     

透镜式缠绕肋压扁缠绕过程数值模拟及参数研究

利用ABAQUS 首先建立了透镜式复合材料缠绕肋整体压扁缠绕有限元模型,实现了压扁缠绕非线性数值模拟分析,并得到应力特征。进而对复合材料缠绕肋不同材料参数(铺设角度、层数、厚度)和不同几何参数(卷轴直径、肋圆弧直径、扁平率)下整体缠绕过程进行了数值模拟分析,并比较分析各种情况下的应力特征,得到各种情况下缠绕肋缠绕过程应力、应变及变化规律,以及缠绕弯矩。该文对缠绕肋截面的合理设计及系统样机的研制具有指导和参考价值。     

纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器在内压与非稳定温度场工况下的优化设计

讨论了面内力和法向一维非稳定温度场同时作用下复合材料层合板的优化设计。以层合板的各层铺设角为设计变量, 层合板的厚度为目标函数进行优化设计。作为算例, 对玻璃纤维缠绕增强塑料压力容器在内压及其内部介质温度突变到稳定温度场全过程逐时刻的不同工况, 进行优化设计。      

纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器在内压与非稳定温度场工况下的优化设计

讨论了面内力和法向一维非稳定温度场同时作用下复合材料层合板的优化设计.以层合板的各层铺设角为设计变量,层合板的厚度为目标函数进行优化设计.作为算例,对玻璃纤维缠绕增强塑料压力容器在内压及其内部介质温度突变到稳定温度场全过程逐时刻的不同工况,进行优化设计.     

纤维缠绕复合材料壳体刚度衰减模型数值模拟

应用微分几何理论,推导出纤维缠绕复合材料壳体的非测地线缠绕轨迹、包角方程及绕丝头运动方程,得到缠绕过程的动态仿真模拟数据。将封头处变化的缠绕角、厚度等实际工艺参数直接用于壳体结构的理论分析。采用叠层的增量本构关系,模拟层合板壳结构的损伤过程,建立了损伤后刚度衰减模型及刚度退化准则,并通过实验确定了刚度衰减系数。应用此模型对纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器进行了数值分析。结果表明:纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器封头处损伤会导致其弯曲刚度降低,这是影响轴向变形的重要因素。      

The simultaneous process of filament winding and curing for polymer composites

The simultaneous process of filament winding and curing a composite cylindrical shell is considered. From the macrokinetic point of view it is characterized by the small thickness of the relative effective reaction zone. The thermochemical conditions in manufacturing are governed by the following process variables: speed of winding, initial conversion and temperature of the filament bundle wound, and the heating applied. A thermochemical model is developed for simulation of the temperature and conversion distributions during the process. An approximate solution of the thermochemical model in the form of the constant traveling wave is derived for constant values of process variables and a thermally isolated mandrel. A non-uniform cure stress model of the process is developed for the case of using elastic orthotropic constitutive relations for a composite material. It is found that the thickness of the relative effective reaction zone drastically influences the cure stresses. The dependence of the stress level on the process variables is analyzed.     

The effect of fiber volume fraction on filament wound composite pressure vessel strength

This paper is a continuation of previous research reported in Ref. [1]. The previous paper discussed the relationship between fiber volume fraction in filament wound composite vessels and failure pressure. This research included a design of experiment investigation of manufacturing and design variables that affect composite vessel quality and strength. Statistical analysis of the data shows that composite vessel strength was affected by the manufacturing and design variables. In general, it was found that the laminate stacking sequence, winding tension, winding-tension gradient, winding time, and the interaction between winding-tension gradient and winding time significantly affected composite strength. The mechanism responsible for increases in composite strength was related to the strong correlation between fiber volume fraction in the composite and vessel strength. Cylinders with high-fiber volume in the hoop layers tended to deliver high-fiber strength. This paper further examines the relationship between fiber volume fraction and fiber strain to failure. Data from unidirectional strand tests and additional vessel tests are presented. A computer program that is based on the thermokinetics of the resin and processing conditions is used to calculate the fiber volume fraction distribution in the filament wound vessel. The strand's strength-versus-fiber volume data together with the computer program are used to predict composite vessel burst pressure. In general, good agreement with experimental data is observed.     

Numerical/experimental impact events on filament wound composite pressure vessel

Impacts on pressure vessels, produced by winding glass fibre with vinyl ester resin over a polyethylene liner, were numerically and experimentally investigated in the current work.Pressure vessels were experimentally tested under low velocity impact loads. Different locations and incident energies were tested in order to evaluate the induced damage and the capability of the developed numerical model.An advanced 3-D FE model was used for simulating the impact events. It is based on the combined use of interlaminar and intralaminar damage models. Puck and Hashin failure theories were used to evaluate the intralaminar damages (matrix cracking and fibre failure). Cohesive zone theory, by mean of cohesive elements, was used for modelling delamination onset and propagation.The experimental impact curves were accurately predicted by the numerical model for the different impact locations and energies. The overall damages, both intralaminar and interlaminar, were instead slightly over predicted for all the configurations.The model capabilities to simulate the low velocity impact events on the full scale composite structures were proved.     

内外压作用下纤维缠绕厚壁柱形容器的强度

研究各向同性材料内胆外对称均衡缠绕纤维的厚壁圆柱形容器在内外压力作用下的应力和强度特性。采用正交各向异性本构关系和轴对称厚壁筒理论, 获得纤维层和内胆的应力, 以及纤维方向三向应力的解析公式。利用Hoffman和Tsai-Wu失效准则研究薄壁筒理论和三维应力对应的强度随壁厚和缠绕角的分布规律。计算比较了有、 无内胆的纤维缠绕容器的强度随缠绕角的变化情况。利用ANSYS软件的层合单元SOLID191建立的模型给出的纤维向应力和强度比与本文理论结果吻合很好。研究发现: 基于层合板理论的二维纤维向应力公式给出了不准确的纤维向应力, 不准确的横向应力造成容器纤维层的强度值偏低; 不同的纤维类型和缠绕角, 厚度-半径比对强度比的影响不同; 基于二维应力分析的薄壁筒理论给出的纤维层强度比小于三维分析的结果; 缠绕角对无内胆的缠绕容器强度比的影响比有内胆的更敏感。      

Finite element modeling of the filament winding process

A finite element model of the wet filament winding process was developed. In particular, a general purpose software for finite element analysis was used to calculate the fiber volume fraction under different process conditions. Several unique user defined subroutines were developed to modify the commercial code for this specific application, and the numerical result was compared with experimental data for validation. In order to predict the radial distribution of the fiber volume fraction within a wet wound cylinder, three unique user defined subroutines were incorporated into the commercial finite element code: a fiber consolidation/compaction model, a thermochemical model of the resin and a resin mixing model. The fiber consolidation model describes the influence of the external radial compaction pressure of a new layer as it is wound onto the surface of existing layers. The thermochemical model includes both the cure kinetics and viscosity of the resin. This model analyzes the composite properties and tracks the viscosity of the resin, which is a function of the degree of cure of the resin. The resin mixing model describes the mixing of “old” and “new” resin as plies are compacted. Validations were made by comparing image analysis data of fiber volume fraction in each ply for filament wound cylinders with the FEM results. The good agreement of these comparisons demonstrated that the FEM approach has can predict fiber volume fraction over a range of winding conditions. This approach, then, is an invaluable tool for predicting the effects of winding parameters on cylinder structural quality.     

Influence of filament winding parameters on composite vessel quality and strength

An experimental design investigation of manufacturing and design variables that affect composite vessel quality, strength, and stiffness was conducted. Eight 20-in. cylinders (with one additional cylinder as a replicate) were manufactured and tested for hoop strength, hoop stiffness, fiber and void volume fraction distribution through thickness, residual stress, and interlaminar shear strength. Material and processing variables were divided into five categories: (a) resin, (b) fiber, (c) fabrication process, (d) design, and (e) equipment. Five variables were selected (from a list of 12) for study using a 1/4 fractional factorial design of experiment setup. The five variables were: (a) winding tension, (b) stacking sequence, (c) winding-tension gradient, (d) winding time, and (e) cut-versus-uncut helicals.

Statistical analysis of the data shows that the composite vessel strength was affected by the manufacturing and design variables. In general, it was found that composite strength was significantly affected by the laminate stacking sequence, winding tension, winding-tension gradient, winding time, and the interaction between winding-tension gradient and winding time. The mechanism that increased composite strength was related to the strong correlation between fiber volume in the composite and vessel strength. Cylinders with high fiber volume in the hoop layers tended to deliver high fiber strength.     

纤维缠绕复合材料壳体原位成型工艺研究

热固型缠绕复合材料壳体以其优异的性能在航空、军事和工业等领域得到了广泛应用.目前,制约其应用和发展的主要瓶颈是壳体的成本和性能,而壳体成型工艺直接决定了其最终性能和成本.由于缠绕壳体为中空结构,因此可以采用加热壳体内部金属芯模或内衬的方法实现缠绕后的或正在缠绕的复合材料的固化成型,即原位成型.本文介绍复合材料壳体原位成型新工艺,建立筒型壳体内加热固化过程的数学模型,利用有限元法对筒体固化过程中的温度和固化度进行了数值模拟分析.该研究为实现壳体高效、优质且低成本成型提供新思路,为原位成型工艺设计、模拟和参数优化提供分析模型和方法.     

Effect of winding angle on the failure of filament wound pipe

Filament wound, grp pipes were tested to failure using two types of internal pressure test. The elastic properties were determined using strain gauges and the sequence of events leading to failure was followed by direct observation. A theoretical model was used to predict the transverse tensile stresses π₁ and the shear stresses parallel to the fibres τ_#. Experimental results showed that the deformation and failure mechanisms were strongly dependent on winding angle in both testing modes. The stresses at the onset of non-linearity and whitening were dependent on σ_⊥ and τ_# and the values were consistent with a failure criteria of the form (σ_⊥/σ_⊥)² + (τ_#/τ_#B)² = 1. In contrast the stresses at the onset of weepage were independent of τ_# and occurred in the range σ_⊥ between 20 and 35 MN/m². The strain normal to the fibres at weepage was about 0.2%.     

纤维束交叉起伏对缠绕复合材料刚度的影响

纤维缠绕过程会在局部区域形成纤维束的起伏、交织。针对起伏区域纤维束的非正交交织的特点,提出一种缠绕复合材料刚度的计算方法:先通过螺旋缠绕角度和起伏层倾斜角度,将三维刚度进行两次转换,然后将转换后的起伏区域的三维刚度转化成缠绕层面内二维有效刚度;利用二维有效刚度,将缠绕复合材料刚度系数A_ij、B_ij和 D_ij各项在起伏区域上进行数值积分取平均值,再利用转换矩阵得到缠绕复合材料的整体刚度矩阵。算例的结果表明,考虑了纤维束的起伏、交织后缠绕复合材料刚度矩阵发生了一些变化,特别是耦合刚度的变化更为明显。      

多壁碳纳米管界面传感器及其在纤维缠绕压力容器原位监测中的应用

研发了基于多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT）界面传感器的多功能复合材料,并研究了其在纤维缠绕压力容器健康监测中的应用。首先考察了该界面传感器在复杂环境中的可靠性,分析了MWCNT对纤维/基体界面层间剪切强度的影响,得到了植入MWCNT界面传感器的复合材料在不同水温下吸水特性;随后研究了基于MWCNT界面传感器的纤维/基体界面原位监测和损伤修复,分析了利用该方法原位监测、修复热塑性复合材料界面损伤的可行性;最后将MWCNT界面传感器植入到纤维缠绕压力容器中,并考察了该压力容器在水压疲劳、水压爆破两类载荷下的原位监测效果。研究结果表明:植入MWCNT界面传感器可提高复合材料纤维/基体的界面层间剪切强度,且在一定水温范围内,植入MWCNT的界面强度下降率更低;通过在复合材料中植入MWCNT界面传感器,可实现对纤维增强热塑性树脂复合材料界面的原位监测和修复;利用该方法也能够原位监测纤维缠绕压力容器的工作状态,进而获取其界面损伤信息。