含能活性材料防护结构超高速撞击特性数值模拟研究

含能活性材料超高速撞击数值模拟研究对于新型空间碎片防护机理探索研究具有重要意义。采用AUTODYN动力学仿真程序,基于改进的Lee-Tarver点火增长模型,在验证计算模型有效性的基础上,开展球形弹丸超高速撞击含能活性材料防护结构数值模拟研究,对弹丸临界破碎速度、碎片云形貌特征及后墙损伤等进行分析。给出了铝合金弹丸超高速撞击PTFE/Al含能活性材料防护屏的临界破碎速度公式,得到弹丸直径、撞击速度和含能活性材料防护屏板厚对碎片云特征参数的影响规律,进一步揭示了含能活性材料防护结构超高速撞击条件下的新型防护机理。     

泡沫铝防护屏的Whipple防护结构弹道极限数值模拟研究

为研究泡沫铝板作为防护屏的Whipple防护结构抵御空间碎片超高速撞击的特性,模仿泡沫金属的生产原理建立了泡沫金属细观结构几何模型,结合自编的光滑质点流体动力学程序进行了超高速撞击数值仿真,通过与实验对比验证了模型的有效性.分别对相对密度为23.2%的理想均匀和非均匀开孔泡沫铝板作为防护屏的Whipple防护结构进行了数值仿真,得到了它们的弹道极限曲线,并与实心铝板作为防护屏的Whipple防护结构进行了对比分析.结果表明,相同面密度的泡沫铝板相对于实心铝板能够在更低的速度上将弹丸粉碎、液化及气化.泡沫铝板作为防护屏,在总体上拥有更好的防护性能;相同面密度的理想均匀泡沫铝板的防护性能总体上优于非均匀泡沫铝板.     

近地轨道航天器微流星及空间碎片风险度分析研究

以单防护屏防护结构为例,根据描述其防护性能的撞击极限方程,微流量及空间碎片环境数学模型,建立了航天器结构的有限元分析模型,进行了航天器在微流星及空间碎片环境下风险度的初步分析,其结论可供工程实践参考。     

铝球弹丸超高速正撞击薄铝板穿孔尺寸研究

利用2017-T4铝球弹丸高速正撞击不同厚度的2A12铝合金板,模拟空间碎片对航天器防护屏的高速撞击作用,分析铝合金板撞击穿孔尺寸特征。铝球弹丸直径为3.18mm~6.35mm,弹丸直径与铝板厚度之比dp/t为1.00~9.96,撞击速度为1.50km/s~6.98km/s,得到了铝球弹丸高速正撞击铝板的穿孔经验公式。实验结果表明:薄铝板高速撞击穿孔直径扩张率与弹丸直径、铝合金板厚度及撞击速度有关。当弹丸直径与铝合金板厚度之比dp/t一定时,薄铝板撞击穿孔直径扩张率随着撞击速度的增大而增大;当撞击速度一定时,薄铝板撞击穿孔直径扩张率与dp/t呈非线性关系,且随着dp/t的增加,对薄铝板撞击穿孔直径扩张率的影响减弱。     

椭球弹丸超高速撞击防护屏碎片云数值模拟

低地球轨道的各类航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击.本文采用AUTODYN软件进行了椭球弹丸超高速正撞击及斜撞击防护屏碎片云的数值模拟.给出了三维模拟的结果.研究了在相同质量的条件下,不同长径比椭球弹丸以不同速度和入射角撞击防护屏所产生碎片云的特性,并与球形弹丸撞击所应产生的碎片云特性进行了比较.结果表明:在相同的速度下,不同长径比椭球弹丸撞击的碎片云形状、质量分布和破碎程度是不同的,随撞击入射角的增加弹丸的破碎程度增大,滑弹碎片云的数量增加;随撞击速度的增加,弹丸的破碎程度也增加.     

7A04-T6高强铝合金板对平头杆弹抗侵彻行为的试验与数值模拟研究

为了解高强铝合金对动能杆的抗侵彻性能,在一级轻气炮上开展了直径5.98 mm的平头刚性弹侵彻6mm厚7A04-T6铝合金靶板的打靶试验,撞击速度范围为73.9~446.5 m/s。获得了弹体贯穿靶板后的剩余速度以及靶板的断裂行为,通过拟合初始-剩余速度数据得到了弹道极限。同时,在ABAQUS/Explicit中建立了三维有限元模型对打靶试验进行了数值计算,7A04-T6的力学行为通过Johnson-Cook本构模型和修正的Johnson-Cook断裂准则描述。试验结果表明,7A04-T6高强铝合金靶板在平头弹撞击下发生剪切冲塞,塞块表面有明显裂纹产生,弹道极限为156.0 m/s,剪切冲塞可在撞击速度不低于约0.90倍弹道极限时形成。数值仿真发现,有限元计算可成功再现靶板的剪切冲塞及冲塞表面的断裂;预报的弹道极限为168.8 m/s,比试验结果高约9%;撞击速度不低于0.92倍弹道极限时靶板发生剪切冲塞破坏,与试验结果十分接近。     

2A12铝合金薄板对卵形头弹抗冲击性能研究

利用轻气炮撞击实验研究卵形弹丸冲击总厚度相等的2A12铝合金单层板和双层板,分析靶板分层和板间间隙对靶板失效模式以及抗冲击性能的影响,通过高速相机图片获取弹体速度数据。实验结果表明,单层板的弹道极限高于双层板的弹道极限,包括间隙式和接触式,并且接触式双层板的弹道极限高于间隙式双层板。随着弹体初始速度增加,靶体结构对其抗侵彻性能的影响随之减小。此外,利用Abaqus软件建立了数值模拟模型对实验工况进行了计算,将数值模拟和实验结果进行了对比,两者之间存在较好的一致性,这也表明数值模拟能够有效地测靶体的弹道极限。     

弹丸超高速撞击半无限厚铝板数值模拟

微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击威胁着长寿命、大尺寸航天器的安全运行,导致其严重的损伤和灾难性的失效.撞击损伤特性研究是航天器防护设计的一个重要问题.本文采用AUTODYN软件的Lagrange法对半无限铝板的超高速斜撞击和与其具有相同法向速度的正撞击进行了模拟,给出了不同撞击角和不同法向速度下半无限厚铝板弹坑深度、宽度、长度的变化规律及多弹坑的形成过程,并与经验方程进行了比较分析.结果发现:随撞击角的增加,弹坑的深度和宽度减小,而弹坑的长度增加;随撞击速度的增加弹坑的直径和深度增加;在撞击角大于70度时出现多弹坑.     

铝弹丸超高速正撞击铝合金薄板产生溅射物云特性研究

为研究微流星体或空间碎片超高速正撞击航天器表面缓冲结构产生的溅射物形态和分布特性,采用二级轻气炮驱动铝弹丸进行超高速撞击实验。铝弹丸超高速正撞击铝合金薄板首先溅射高温微粒子或甚至是微小熔滴等闪光热源,随后是由金属粉尘及低速碎片粒子构成的溅射物云团簇。正撞击产生的溅射云团簇在空间呈环锥形状分布,3~5 km/s速度范围内,撞击速度越高,分布越密集。利用HSFC-PRO超高速相机捕捉到撞击初始阶段产生的溅射物在不同时刻的影像演化,通过跟踪影像中溅射闪光热源和溅射云团簇最前端的轮廓估算其一维膨胀速度。非球弹丸撞击时的姿态偏转可能对溅射物云团簇的分布有较大影响。     

填充空心球/铝基复合材料结构的超高速撞击损伤特性研究

针对人类航天活动在空间中积累的大量空间碎片严重威胁在轨运行航天器安全,急需开发具有优良防护性能的新材料防护结构问题,初步研究填充空心球/铝基复合材料Whipple防护结构的撞击特性,获得相关撞击损伤数据,与填充实心铝板的Whipple防护结构进行对比,并评估空心球/铝基复合材料作为一种航天器防护材料的可行性。     

Ballistic limit equations in ballistic and shatter regions

Ballistic limit equations are used to predict the damage of spacecraft subjected to impacts by space debris and meteoroids. This paper presents two new ballistic limit equations for impact velocities in the ballistic and shatter regions, respectively. The methodology used to develop the two ballistic limit equations involves the energy balance law and Cohen's debris cratering model. A very often form for ballistic limit equations based on the crater depth in a semi-infinite target was used for the both equations. The limit velocity between the ballistic and shatter regions was expressed as a non-dimensional equation in this paper. Agreement observed between existing and proposed results confirmed the validity of the presented equations.     

A material point method model and ballistic limit equation for hyper velocity impact of multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate

A multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate is usually used in the hard upper torso of space suit to protect astronauts from getting hurt by space dust. In this paper, the protective performance of the multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate is investigated. To establish its ballistic limit equation, thirteen hyper velocity impact tests with different impact velocities (maximum velocity is 6.19 km/s) and projectile diameters have been conducted. To provide data for impact velocity higher than 6.2 km/s which is hard to be obtained by tests due to the limitations of test equipment capacity, a material point method (MPM) model is established for the multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate and validated/corrected using the test results. The numerical results obtained using the corrected MPM model for impact velocity higher than 6.2 km/s are used together with the test results to develop the ballistic limit equation. The corrected MPM model and the ballistic limit equation developed for the multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate provide an effective tool for the space suit design.     

Hypervelocity impact tests and simulations of single whipple bumper shield concepts at 10km/s

A series of experiments has been performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Whipple bumper shield to orbital space debris at impact velocities of 10 km/s. Upon impact by a 19 mm (0.87 mm thick, L/D 0.5) flier plate, the thin aluminum bumper shield disintegrates into a debris cloud. The debris cloud front propagates axially at velocities of 14 km/s and expands radially at a velocity of 7 km/s. Subsequent loading by the debris on a 3.2 mm thick aluminum substructure placed 114 mm from the bumper penetrates the substructure completely. However, when the diameter of the flier plate is reduced to 12.7 mm, the substructure, although damaged is not perforated. Numerical simulations performed using the multi-dimensional hydrodynamics code CTH also predict complete perforation of the substructure by the subsequent debris cloud for the larger flier plate. The numerical simulation for a 12.7 mm flier plate, however, shows a strong dependence on assumed impact geometry, i. e., a spherical projectile impact geometry does not result in perforation of the substructure by the debris cloud, while the flat plate impact geometry results in perforation.     

Hypervelocity impact response of spaced composite material structures

The design of a spacecraft for a long-duration mission must take into account the possibility of high-speed impacts by meteoroids and orbiting space debris and the effects of such impacts on the spacecraft structure. With the advent of many new high-strength composite materials and their proliferation in aircraft applications, it has become necessary to evaluate their potential for use in long-duration space and aerospace structural systems. One aspect of this evaluation is the analysis of their response to hypervelocity projectile impact loadings. The analyses performed in this study indicate that the extent of damage to a dual-wall composite structure can be written as a function of the geometric and material properties of the projectile/structure system. A comparative analysis of impact damage in composite specimens and in geometrically similar aluminum specimens is also performed to determine the advantages and disadvantages of employing certain composite materials in the design of structural wall systems for long-duration spacecraft.     

A comparison of ballistic limit with adaptive-mesh Eulerian hydrocode predictions of one- and two-plate aluminum shielding protection against millimeter-sized Fe–Ni space debris

Hypervelocity collisions with space debris (SD, natural meteoroids and man-made artifacts) can significantly affect the performance of spacecraft. Here, I compare (1) the predictions of the Cour-Palais/Christiansen (C-P/C) ballistic limit equations (BLEs) spacecraft shield models with (2) the predictions of the response of those shields generated by an adaptive-mesh Eulerian hydrodynamic code, incorporating Mie-Grüneisen solid mechanics and a simple material-failure model, running on a modern PC, for hypervelocity collisions with millimeter-sized iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) spheres. The results show that the shield thicknesses predicted by the C-P/C BLEs are consistent with the adequacy of the shield response predicted by the hydrodynamic modeling. Although several hydrocodes have been used to validate the C-P/C BLEs, validating them with an (inherently computing resource-efficient) adaptive-mesh Eulerian hydrodynamic code for this impact regime appears to be novel.     

Numerical study of the conical shaped charge for space debris impact

This paper proposes numerical analysis methods to simulate the 6 to 7 km/s class aluminum conical shaped charge (CSC), in order to calibrate the wide-range ballistic limit data obtained by the CSC with the solid spherical projectiles' data. Two kinds of numerical methods are demonstrated by performing a number of numerical analyses with a coupled hydrocode: AUTODYN™-2D for both the non-inhibited and inhibited CSC: one method is a purely numerical approach and the other is a half-numerical approach combined with a jetting theory. The final purpose of the present study is to assess the orbital space debris impact on the spacecraft in the low earth orbit (LEO), so that aluminum should be adopted as a liner, and the inhibitor should be also equipped. Consequently, the jet ought to have a hollow shape and be vaporized partially. The merits and demerits of two methods are investigated through the numerical analyses, especially the limitations of the half-numerical approach will be made clear when we apply it to the inhibited CSC, while the process of jetting and trapping in the inhibited CSC will be successfully demonstrated by the pure-numerical approach.