Thermomechanical behavior of nanostructured plasma sprayed zirconia coatings

Retaining nonmelted nanoparticles of zirconia in nanostructured coatings has been a challenge in the past. Recently an air plasma spray process was developed to produce coatings that retain up to 30–35% by volume nonmelted particles, resulting in a unique structure. The creep/sintering behavior of such thermal barrier coatings deposited from nanostructured feedstock has been measured and compared with deposits produced from hot oven spherical particles (HOSP). Both feedstocks contain 6–8 wt.% Y₂O₃ as a stabilizer. Flexure and compression creep testing were conducted under several different loads and temperatures to obtain creep exponents and parameters. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

A comparative study of the structure and wear resistance of NiCrBSi/50 wt.% WC composite coatings by laser cladding and laser induction hybrid cladding

NiCrBSi/50 wt.% WC composite coatings were produced on carbon steel via laser cladding (LC) and laser induction hybrid cladding (LIHC). The microstructure and phase constituents of the composite coatings before dry sliding wear and the wear behavior were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Under the same laser processing parameters, the cladding height during LC was much higher than that during LIHC, whereas the dilution, cladding width, heat-affected-zone (HAZ) and efficiency of powder utilization during LC were much smaller than those during LIHC. Additionally, WC particles suffered from more severe heat damage during LIHC compared with those during LC, resulting in the precipitation of herringbone, dendritic and blocky carbides and inhomogeneous distribution of WC particles in the composite coating. However, the increase of the laser scanning speed during LIHC decreased the heat damage of WC particles, improved the homogenous distribution of WC particles and further increased the microhardness of the binder metal, which in turn led to an increase in the wear resistance of the composite coating.     

激光-感应复合熔覆WC-Ni涂层极限条件研究

为解决熔覆层易开裂、熔覆效率低的问题以及合理地选择工艺参数.进行了激光-感应复合熔覆Ni基WC涂层的实验,定义了激光高速扫描下的极限熔覆状态,研究了激光比能与粉末面密度对熔覆层宏观形貌的影响规律.结果表明,最小激光比能、最大熔覆层厚度、接触角均与最大粉末面密度呈线性关系;激光-感应复合熔覆速度达3000 mm/min,送粉率达82.7 g/min,相对单纯激光熔覆技术的效率提高了近5倍,而且获得的Ni60A+20%WC涂层经检测无裂纹.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy/WC reinforcing particles composite coatings prepared by laser cladding and plasma cladding

FeCoCrNi HEA coatings with 20% mass fraction of WC reinforcing particles were prepared by two different cladding methods, laser cladding (LC) and plasma cladding (PC). The microstructure of HEA matrix and WC particles of LC and PC coatings were discussed respectively. For HEA matrix, dendritic morphology was observed in both coatings. For WC particles, a few granular (Cr,W)₂C carbides around WC particles in LC coatings, and a large number of crystal and fishbone Fe₃W₃C carbides around WC particles in PC coatings. Mechanical properties as hardness and wear resistance of the two kinds of coatings were also investigated. The interstitial solution strengthening effect of C element is stronger in PC coating, and the hardness of HEA matrix in LC coatings is twice that of in PC coating, which shows a strong retention force on WC particles. The friction coefficient of LC coating is lower and stable, with the volume wear rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m, showing high wear resistance. PC coatings have poor wear resistance due to decarbonization and oxidation of WC particles and reduction of retention force of HEA matrix, with the volume wear rate of 8.29 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m. The wear mechanism of both coatings were also discussed.     

Influence of laser cladding process on the magnetic properties of WC–FeNiCr metal–matrix composite coatings

Metal–matrix composite (MMC) coatings were deposited by laser cladding technique with direct injection of WC–FeNiCr powder onto N1310 nonmagnetic steel matrix. Laser cladding was conducted using a Trumpf6000 CO₂ laser. The morphology of WC–FeNiCr MMC coatings was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Magnetic properties of WC–FeNiCr MMC coatings were examined by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. The influence of laser cladding process on the magnetic properties of coatings was investigated. It was found that the content of tungsten carbide and laser power have significant effect on the magnetic properties of composite coatings. The evolution of phase constitution at different laser power was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The presence of an austenitic γ-(Fe, Ni), Cr_0.19Fe_0.7Ni_0.11, Fe₃W₃C, WC and W₂C phases were confirmed by the XRD analysis in the laser clad layer.     

激光参数对Ni基熔覆层结构及耐磨性的影响

采用热喷涂预置和激光熔覆方法在Q235钢基体上熔覆Ni基合金涂层和Ni/WC复合涂层，研究激光功率对涂层微观结构的影响。结果表明，选择合适的激光输出功率，可获得组织分布均匀、低稀释率、与基体结合良好的合金涂层；在Ni/WC复合涂层中，合理的激光功率使WC颗粒部分熔化，并在颗粒周围重新凝固并析出针状碳化物，这既有利于提高涂层的硬度又能使未熔化的WC颗粒与涂层内合金溶剂牢固结合。激光功率较大时涂层内WC颗粒烧损并沉底，沉积在涂层底部的WC颗粒，使基体到涂层的性能发生突变，这样既容易引发裂纹及疲劳破坏，又不利于涂层表面的耐磨。     

激光熔覆WC增强Ni基复合涂层的研究进展

激光熔覆是一种新型表面改性技术,具有能量密度高、稀释率可控、涂层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合等优点,且快热快冷的特性有利于在基材表面形成具有细小致密组织的涂层,从而获得耐磨耐蚀等优异性能.WC增强Ni基复合涂层因兼具陶瓷材料优异的耐高温、耐磨性和金属材料良好的强韧性,近些年成为激光熔覆研究领域的热点.综述了激光熔覆WC增强...     

WC颗粒对激光熔覆FeCoCrNiCu高熵合金涂层组织与硬度的影响

采用CO2横流激光器制备添加WC颗粒的FeCoCrNiCu高熵合金涂层,研究WC含量对涂层的组织结构及硬度的影响.结果表明:不同WC含量的高熵合金涂层均由简单的面心立方结构(FCC)和体心立方结构(BCC)两相组成.随着WC含量的提高,涂层中FCC相含量不断减少,BCC相含量不断增加.WC颗粒在激光熔覆过程中发生溶解并完全溶入FCC相和BCC相中,并未引起复杂碳化物相的生成.不同WC含量的涂层均为树枝晶组织.激光熔覆过程中的快速凝固条件有利于抑制枝晶和枝晶间的成分偏聚.WC含量的提高使枝晶细化,硬度提高.     

Suspension plasma spraying of nanostructured WC-12Co coatings

Nanostructured WC-12% Co coatings were deposited by suspension plasma spraying of submicron feedstock powders, using an internal injection plasma torch. The liquid carrier used in this approach allows for controlled injection of much finer particles than in conventional thermal spraying, leading to thin coatings with a fine surface finish. A polyethylene-imine (PEI) dispersant was used to stabilize the colloidal suspension in an ethanol carrier. In-flight particle states were measured for a number of operating conditions of varying plasma gas flow rates, feed rates, and standoff distances and were related to the resulting microstructure, phase composition (EDS, SEM, XRD), and Vickers hardness. High in-flight particle velocities (>800 m/s) were generated, leading to dense coatings. It was observed that the coating quality was generally compromised by the high temperature and reactivity of the small particles. To compensate for this shortcoming, the suspension feed rate was adjusted, thereby varying the thermal load on the plasma. Results showed that a slightly larger agglomerate size, in conjunction with low particle jet temperatures, could somewhat limit the decomposition of WC into brittle W₂C/W₃C and amorphous cobalt containing binder phases. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Ambient and high-temperature thermal conductivity of thermal sprayed coatings

Aside from its importance as a design parameter for thermal barrier coatings, measuring thermal conductivity of thermal sprayed coatings itself provides a unique method to critically characterize the nature, quantity, and anisotropy of the defect morphologies in these splat-based coatings. In this paper, the authors present a systematic assessment of thermal conductivity of wide range using the flash diffusivity technique. For the case of plasma sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), coatings obtained from wide-ranging initial powder morphologies as well as those fabricated under different particle states were characterized. Both in-plane and through-thickness properties were obtained. Other material systems that were considered include: metallic alloys and semiconductors of interests. Issues such as reproducibility and reliability in measurements were also considered and assessed. Finally, work in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for alternate approaches to characterization of thermal conductivity as well as high-temperature measurements was performed. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Microstructure and abrasion resistance of plasma sprayed titania coatings

Agglomerated titania nanopowder and a “classical” titania were sprayed by the high throughput water-stabilized plasma (WSP) and thoroughly compared. Optical microscopy with image analysis as well as mercury intrusion porosimetry were used for quantification of porosity. Results indicate that the “nano” coatings in general exhibit finer pores than coatings of the “conventional” micron-sized powders. Mechanical properties such as Vickers microhardness and slurry abrasion response were measured and linked to the structural investigation. Impact of the variation in the slurry composition on wear resistance of tested coatings and on character of the wear damage is discussed. The overall results, however, suggest that the “nano” coatings properties are better only for carefully selected sets of spraying parameters, which seem to have a very important impact. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的研究进展

激光熔覆技术作为推动国家制造业升级的重要绿色制造和再制造技术,在航空航天、海工交通、冶金机械等重点领域具有广阔的应用前景。激光制造用粉末材料是影响该技术应用和发展的关键因素之一,其中铁基合金材料具有成本低、力学性能好、应用范围广等优势,特别是不锈钢体系的铁基合金因其良好的力学性能和优异的耐蚀性能而逐渐成为研究关注的焦点。全面综述了国内外在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的相关研究进展。根据显微组织的不同,目前采用激光熔覆技术制备的不锈钢涂层的类型主要有:奥氏体型不锈钢、马氏体型不锈钢、铁素体型不锈钢以及双相型不锈钢。重点综述了激光工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度、熔覆方式等)、合金元素(Al、Ni、B、Mo等)、添加物(SiC、WC、VC、Cr3C2、Al2O3等陶瓷相)以及热处理(固溶处理、低温回火等)等因素对激光熔覆不锈钢涂层组织和性能的影响,主要包括对熔覆层的相组成、截面几何尺寸、稀释率、残余应力、力学性能、耐蚀性能等的影响规律及微观机制。同时,指出了目前在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层领域中存在的主要问题及今后的发展方向。     

Study on process optimization of WC-Co50 cermet composite coating by laser cladding

In order to optimize the process of tungsten carbide (WC)-reinforced Co50 cermet composite coating by laser cladding, Co-based coatings with 40 wt% WC were deposited on the surface of cone bit 15MnNi4Mo steel by 4 kW fiber laser. A single-factor experiment was designed to study the variation of the geometrical size, dilution rate and hardness of cladding layers with the change of various factors. Then, an orthogonal experiment was designed to study the optimal parameters for the laser cladding process by taking the hardness and dilution rate of the coatings as comprehensive indexes. Based on the results of the above experiments, the mathematical model of the relationship between the geometrical size of the cladding layers with the process parameters was established by regression analysis. In addition, the three-dimensional structure and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results revealed that with the increase of the laser power, the width of the cladding layer, the depth of the molten pool and the dilution rate gradually increased, while the coating height remained basically unchanged. Additionally, with the increase of the scanning speed, the coating height and the molten pool depth were relatively greatly reduced, while the coating width decreased little. Furthermore, with the increase of the powder feeding rate, the width of the cladding layer, the molten pool depth and the dilution rate gradually decreased, while the coating height gradually increased. The optimal process parameters are as follows: laser power of 2.4 kW, scanning speed of 7 mm/s, and powder feeding rate of 0.5 g/s. The mathematical model established by regression analysis fitted the width of the cladding layer best, and the minimum relative error was only 0.023%. The microstructure showed that metallurgical bonding was achieved between the coatings and substrates. Also, the coatings were compact and free of defects such as cracks and pores.     

Cold gas dynamic spraying of iron-base amorphous alloy

This paper describes recent efforts to synthesize iron-base amorphous alloys coatings using cold gas dynamic spraying. Characterization of the gas-atomized iron-base (Fe-Cr-Mo-W-C-Mn-Si-Zr-B) powder shows that the powder is fully amorphous when the particle diameter is below 20 μm. The coatings produced were composed of the same microstructure as the one observed in the feedstock powder. The overall deformation suggests the occurrence of a localized deformation process at the particle/particle boundary and a possible adiabatic deformation softening inside the powder particles during splat formation. The synthesis of fully amorphous, porous-free coatings using cold gas dynamic spraying was demonstrated in this work. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Kinetic sprayed rare earth iron alloy composite coatings

One unique advantage of the kinetic spray process is its ability to mix constituents that would normally react with each other to form coatings. This attribute was used to produce composite coatings with different rare earth iron alloys (REFe₂) and several ductile matrices. Composite coatings of Terfenol-D [(Tb_0.3Dy_0.7)Fe_1.9] and SmFe₂ were combined with ductile matrices of aluminum, copper, iron, and molybdenum. Evidence of an induced magnetic coercivity was measured for the REFe₂-Mo and Fe composite coatings. Coatings were produced on flat substrates and shafts. Coating morphology as well as the physical, magnetostrictive, and magnetic properties of these coatings are discussed. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success: Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Modeling of motion and heating of powder particles in laser, plasma, and hybrid spraying

Mathematical models for simulation of motion and heating of fine ceramic particles in plasma and laser spraying, as well as under conditions of a new technological process, that is, hybrid laser plasma spraying, are proposed. Trajectories, velocities, and temperature fields of fine SiO₂ particles being sprayed using the argon plasma jet, CO₂ laser beam, and their combination have been calculated. It is shown that the space-time distribution of temperature in spray particles greatly depends on the spraying method. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

A new approach to online thickness measurement of thermal spray coatings

In the past 10 years, significant progress has been made in the field of advanced sensors for particle and spray plume characterization. However, there are very few commercially available technologies for the online characterization of the as-deposited coatings. In particular, coating thickness is one of the most important parameters to monitor and control. Current methods such as destructive tests or direct mechanical measurements can cause significant production downtime. This article presents a novel approach that enables online, real-time, and noncontact measurement of individual spray pass thickness during deposition. Micron-level resolution was achieved on various coatings and substrate materials. The precision has been shown to be independent of surface roughness or thermal expansion. Results obtained on typical high-velocity oxyfuel and plasma-sprayed coatings are presented. Finally, current fields of application, technical limitations, and future developments are discussed. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success: Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

稀土CeO2对激光熔覆WC-Co镍基复合涂层组织形貌和性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术,以自熔合金粉末Ni60B为金属基,微米和纳米12％Co-WC颗粒为陶瓷增强相以及少量的稀土CeO2作为第二添加相,在45钢表面制备复合陶瓷涂层.观察了涂层的截面和表面组织,研究了稀土对涂层硬度和磨损性能的影响.结果表明:CeO2作为第二相明显细化了熔覆层的组织,将涂层中的板块状组织细化到4μm左右,并...     

Modeling thermal conductivity of thermal spray coatings: comparing predictions to experiments

Thermal conductivity plays a critical role in the thermal transport of thermal-sprayed coatings. In this article, a combined image analysis and finite-element method approach is developed to assess thermal conductivity from high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images of the coating microstructure. Images are analyzed with a collection of image-processing algorithms to reveal the microscopic coating morphology. The processed digital image is used to generate a two-dimensional finite-element mesh in which pores, cracks, and the bulk coating material are identified. The effective thermal conductivity is then simulated using a commercial finite-element code. Results are presented for three coating material systems [yttriastabilized zirconia (YSZ), molybdenum, and NiAl], and the results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values obtained using the laser flash method. The YSZ coatings are also annealed, and the analysis procedure was repeated to determine whether the technique can accurately assess changes in coating morphology. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success: Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, 2006.     

激光能量密度对65Mn钢表面Ni60A/WC复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响规律

目的 改善旋耕刀65Mn钢的摩擦磨损性能,提高农机触土零部件的使用寿命。方法 采用激光熔覆技术在65Mn钢基体表面制备Ni60A/WC复合涂层。通过改变激光功率调节激光能量密度,在不同能量密度下制备Ni60A/WC复合涂层,观察并测试不同参数下复合涂层试样的宏观形貌、微观结构、物相组成、元素分布、显微硬度及摩擦磨损特性,研究激光能量密度对Ni60A/WC复合涂层组织演变及摩擦磨损性能的影响规律和机理。结果 Ni60A/WC复合熔覆层顶部主要有胞状晶和树枝晶,分布较紧密,熔覆层中部主要有树枝状晶,熔覆层底部主要为胞状晶和垂直交界面生长的枝晶,且分布均匀致密。随着激光能量密度的升高,熔覆层的熔高和熔深增加显著,WC硬质相颗粒发生分解,硬质相的数量明显减少,涂层的平均显微硬度降低。在激光能量密度为120 J/mm²时,熔覆层的平均显微硬度为587.1HV1.0,相较于基体,提升了约1.8倍。此时熔覆层的平均摩擦因数最小,为0.312,相较于基体,得到显著提升,摩擦磨损机制为轻微的磨粒磨损。经田间试验测试发现,在激光能量密度为120 J/mm²时制备的带有熔覆层的旋耕刀相较于无熔覆层的旋耕刀,其磨损质量降低了63%。结论 通过控制激光能量密度,可以有效调控Ni60A/WC熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性,可为农机触土易磨损件的减摩耐磨表面强化改性提供理论指导。