T10钢低温双辉等离子表面渗镀铬硬化的研究

采用双辉等离子渗铬技术,首先在560℃对T10钢进行不同时间的渗铬,再对已渗铬试样进行4h离子氮化,研究了该工艺对渗镀铬层硬化效果的影响.结果表明:双辉渗铬后的渗层由厚3～5μm的沉积层+扩散层组成,沉积层组织致密并与基体结合良好,基体组织和晶粒度与渗铬前基本一致;沉积层铬浓度达45%(质量分数)以上,内有20～25μm的扩散层,铬浓度向内呈梯度分布;表面物相均由Fe,Fe-Cr,Cr7C3,Cr23C6等组成;渗层表面显微硬度达650~850HV,向内逐步降低,呈梯度分布.沉积层厚度、渗层深度、渗层的铬浓度及显微硬度等均随渗铬时间的增加而增加.渗层经离子氮化后的组织与氮化前的组织无明显变化,但表面物相为Fe-Cr,Cr7C3,Cr23C6,CrN,Fe4N,表面显微硬度提高到1000~1350HV,较未氮化前提高约60%以上.     

3Cr2W8V模具钢铬-钛共渗层的脆性

研究了3Cr2W8V模其钢铬-钛共浮层的脆性,并与单一的浮铬、渗钛层比较,证明通过Cr、Ti与C原子相向扩散铬-钛共渗层形成了具有较低脆性的复合化合物层。该层与基体结合良好,经热处理后也不易脱落。     

45钢低温双辉等离子渗铬硬化的研究

常规双辉等离子渗铬温度较高(800℃以上),能耗较大.为此,采用双辉等离子渗金属技术,在560℃下对45钢进行了表面渗铬硬化,制备出了性能良好的表面合金改性层.采用X射线衍射仪及其附带的能谱仪测定了渗层物相及成分,采用金相显微镜考察了渗层组织形貌,并采用显微硬度计检测了渗层硬度.结果表明:渗层组织由沉积层及扩散层组成;渗层表层为2～3 μm的沉积层,含铬量达到48%以上,沉积层致密并与扩散层结合紧密;内有20～25 μm的扩散层,其合铬量呈梯度分布;表面物相由Fe-Cr、Cr7C3、Cr23C6等组成;渗层表面显微硬度达600～700 HV,硬度向内呈梯度分布.     

激光淬火后Cr12MoV渗铬层的摩擦与磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

利用激光对Cr12MoV冷作模具钢盐浴渗铬后进行表面激光淬火处理,通过SEM扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析渗铬层组织结构和物相组成,考察渗铬层摩擦因数与磨损性能,对磨损机理进行讨论。结果表明:渗铬层厚度约为20μm,Cr含量呈梯度分布,在渗铬层中形成富集层;渗铬层物相由CrC_3,CrC_2,(Fe,Cr)_2C_3和Cr组成,经渗铬+激光淬火后渗铬层表面形成致密Cr_2O_3膜;渗铬层-基体为冶金+机械结合方式,经渗铬+激光淬火后冶金结合能力增强;用SiC陶瓷球为对磨件进行干摩擦磨损实验,经渗铬+激光淬火后渗铬层平均摩擦因数为0.5795,比原始状态和渗铬处理分别降低了40.9%和19.2%,减少了黏着磨损,磨损形式为磨料磨损,淬硬层和硬质相是提高磨损性能的主要机制。     

脉冲单电源铬镍共渗层耐酸腐蚀性研究

采用脉冲单电源等离子渗金属技术,在Q195钢表面进行铬镍共渗工艺。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)分析了铬镍共渗层的表面相组成、表面微观形貌和表面成分。采用电化学测量仪测定铬镍共渗层分别在1mol/L H2SO4、1mol/L HNO3溶液中的极化曲线,研究其腐蚀形貌,并与未处理的Q195钢试样进行对比分析。结果表明,铬镍共渗层的主要相成分为Fe-Cr-Ni固溶体;铬镍共渗层的表面呈上凸的胞状组织,排列致密;表面成分的相对含量为Cr 16.14%、Ni 48.16%、Fe 35.7%(质量分数)。在HNO3溶液中,未处理的Q195钢试样表面为严重的面腐蚀,铬镍共渗层表面几乎未被腐蚀,后者比前者的耐蚀性提高了658倍;在H2SO4溶液中,未处理的Q195钢试样表面为严重的点蚀,而铬镍共渗层表面状态良好,后者比前者的耐蚀性提高了90倍。铬镍共渗层耐硝酸腐蚀性能优于耐硫酸腐蚀性能。     

双辉低温(560℃)等离子渗铬的工艺研究

采用离子氮化 双辉等离子渗铬的复合工艺(首先对T10钢进行550℃x8h离子氮化,再进行560℃双辉等离子渗铬,渗铬完成后试样随炉冷却),研究了源极电压、阴极电压、极间距、工作气压、预氮化保温时间、渗铬保温时间等工艺参数对双辉等离子渗铬的影响,得出了本工艺条件下的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,在8h预氮化极间距50～60mm,阴极电压-275～325V、源极电压-750～-850V、渗铬气压25～35Pa的工艺条件下,渗层厚度约30μm,沉积层铬浓度达55%以上,扩散层铬浓度呈梯度分布;渗层由沉积层 扩散层组成,沉积层组织致密,与基体结合紧密,扩散层晶粒细小,碳化物弥散,不改变试样原始的基体组织;经X射线衍射分析,表层物相由Fe-Cr、CrN、Cr7C3、Cr23C6等组成,表面硬度达1000～1250HV,且呈梯度分布.     

Q235钢表面TiN陶瓷化与Cr-Mo共渗表面强化耐腐蚀性能研究

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面用等离子直接复合渗镀合成氮化钛的方法.该工艺方法形成的组织是Ti固溶体扩散层上分布弥散细小氮化钛颗粒和表面氮化钛沉积层,沉积层与渗层和基体为冶金结合,不会产生剥落.渗镀层表面硬度1600～3400HV.X射线衍射结果表明,渗镀层表面为纯氮化钛层,(200)晶面的衍射峰最强,具有明显的择优取向.在Q235钢表面进行双层辉光离子铬钼共渗,表面Mo含量达到4%(质量分数,下同),Cr含量达到12%.然后进行超饱和渗碳,表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,超过平衡碳计算值.随后进行淬火 低温回火热处理,使表面合金层获得马氏体基体上均匀分布的细小弥散碳化物组织,没有共晶莱氏体.经X射线衍射分析,渗层碳化物类型为M23C6,M6C和M2C,尺寸小于5μm.表面硬度达到1100HV.将等离子复合渗镀合成氮化钛试样与双层辉光离子渗铬试样,在10%硫酸、5%的盐酸、3.5%NaCl水溶液和H2S富液(含H2S 5～8g/L,NH3·H2O20g/L)中,进行电化学腐蚀实验.结果表明,渗镀试样比铬钼共渗试样耐蚀性能分别提高了84,11.67,1.15,21.15倍.     

氩弧重熔对Q235钢B-C-N渗层冲蚀磨损性能的影响

研究了氩弧重熔对Q235钢B-C-N共渗层的组织结构、水冲蚀磨损及海水介质腐蚀磨损性能的影响。XRD分析显示,共渗层由FeB、Fe2B、Fe3B、Fe2N、Fe8N和Fe3C相组成,氩弧重熔层由Fe2B、Fe3N、Fe8N、Fe3C和Fe23(B,C)6相组成;共渗层显微硬度最高值为1198.4HV,重熔层最高硬度值为1192.8HV,但硬度梯度变化平缓;在水介质冲蚀及海水介质腐蚀磨损试验中,重熔层的耐磨性均优于共渗层。     

等离子表面高铬高碳耐磨层的研究

采用等离子表面合金化技术,在20钢表面渗铬,并进行双辉等离子渗碳,形成高铬高碳合金层.利用GDS、XRD、OM、SEM研究了合金层成分、相组成及组织形貌,并通过摩擦试验对合金层耐磨性进行了分析.研究结果表明:表面高碳高铬层含铬量和含碳量以及碳化物的质量分数(40%以上)高于一般冶金高铬铸铁;渗层主要包含M23C6和M7C3型碳化物,这些碳化物均匀弥散分布,尺寸通常在1μm左右,并无共晶碳化物组织;合金层表面显微硬度达到1000～1600 HV,耐磨性比GCr15轴承钢提高8.6倍.     

热反应扩散时间对钒铬共渗层显微形貌及性能的影响

近年来,铬钒共渗层由于具有优良的综合性能被逐渐关注并广泛研究与应用,但已有的报道对其显微形貌尤其是界面结构以及性能的研究较少。采用热反应扩散法对Cr12钢进行铬钒共渗处理,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对渗层的显微结构进行了分析。重点讨论了热反应扩散时间对渗层厚度、显微硬度、物相组成以及膜基结合力的影响;分析了主要元素沿渗层到基体方向的变化趋势和特点。结果表明:随着渗入时间的延长,所得渗层的厚度为2.0~8.2μm,渗层连续、均匀较致密。铬钒共渗层的物相组成主要为VC、Cr7C3和(Cr,Fe)7C3,反应过程中各物相对应的衍射峰强度会发生相应的变化。渗层的显微硬度值为1 683.80HV0.3~1 948.57HV0.3,明显高于空白基体的显微硬度值;划痕测试结果表明铬钒共渗层和基体的界面结合良好,结合力为55~64N。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.