INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE IMAGING RELATIVE TO TWO-PHASE,GAS-LIQUID FLOWS

The determination of interfacial area density in two-phase, gas-liquid flows is one of the major elements impeding significant development of predictive tools based on the two-fluid model. Currently, these models require coupling of liquid and vapor at interfaces using constitutive equations which do not exist in any but the most rudimentary form. Work described herein represents the progress towards the development of electrical impedance imaging (EII), sometimes called electrical impedance computed tomography (EICT) which may ultimately be utilized for nonintrusive determination of interfacial structure and evolution in such flows.     

INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE IMAGING RELATIVE TO TWO-PHASE, GAS-LIQUID FLOWS

The determination of interfacial area density in two-phase, gas-liquid flows is one of the major elements impeding significant development of predictive tools based on the two-fluid model. Currently, these models require coupling of liquid and vapor at interfaces using constitutive equations which do not exist in any but the most rudimentary form. Work described herein represents the progress towards the development of electrical impedance imaging (EII), sometimes called electrical impedance computed tomography (EICT) which may ultimately be utilized for nonintrusive determination of interfacial structure and evolution in such flows.     

TRANSPORT OF GAS-LIQUID FLOWS THROUGH VERTICAL COLUMNS

Applicability of a theoretical model, based on the fundamental governing equations of fluid motion is investigated to predict two-phase bubbly air-water flow structure through vertical columns. The model predictions are compared to experimental data for a wide range of flow parameters. The relative importance of various modes of interfacial momentum transfer, under different flow conditions, is also examined. It is found that correct estimation of the interfacial momentum transfer is necessary for agreement between the predictions and experimental data. The present study shows that the flow structure for air-water flows through vertical columns depends on the inlet flow conditions. This model predicts the experimentally observed trends well. In most cases the experimental data of local liquid velocity and gas volume fraction agree well with the calculated values.     

气－液两相湍流流动的双流体模型与模拟

按双流体模型的基本思想，分别将鼓泡流中的气液两相视作连续介质，用Ｅｕｌｅｒｉａｎ坐标系中多流体模型统一描述两相各自的运动，提出包括气相（气泡）湍动动能及其耗散率的ｋ＿１－ε＿１－ｋｂ－ε＿ｂ两相湍流模型。以鼓泡塔内两相湍流流动为例进行的数值模拟结果表明：预报结果与实测数据符合良好，在预示湍流输运性质上较之已有模型有明显改进。为鼓泡流研究提供了一种新的途径。     

CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS-LIQUID FLOWS IN RECTANGULAR BUBBLE COLUMNS USING CONDUCTIVITY PROBES

Unsteady gas-liquid flows in bubble columns are comprised of various flow processes occurring with varying length and time scales and govern mixing and transport processes. In the present work, we have characterized dynamic and time-averaged properties of gas-liquid flows in rectangular bubble columns using conductivity probes. The development of a single-tip conductivity probe, data processing methodology, and photographic validation procedure is discussed in detail. The effect of superficial gas velocity and aerated liquid height-to-width (H/W) ratio on voidage fluctuations and time-averaged gas holdup was investigated. The experimental data presented here can help in understanding the dynamics of various flow processes and validating computational fluid dynamics based models.     

BASIC EQUATION OF TURBULENCE AND MODELING OF INTERFACIAL TRANSFER TERMS IN GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOW

Turbulence is one of the most important phenomena in analyzing thermohydrodynamic characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow. For the purpose of accurate prediction of the turbulence phenomena, a basic conservation equation of Reynolds stress was derived based on the local instant formulation of mass and momentum conservations of two-phase flow. In this equation, interfacial transfer terms of turbulence appear as source terms. Detailed considerations on these transport terms were carried out. It was shown that they consist of a viscous damping term due to small scale interfacial structures, a drag induced turbulence generation term due to large scale interfacial structures and a term representing the exchange between surface energy and turbulence. Based on the mechanistic modeling and turbulence modulations, carried out were physical interpretations of interfacial area concentrations of small and large scale interfacial structures, a viscous damping term due to small scale interface and turbulence generation term due to large scale interface.     

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PREDICTION OF PHASE SEPARATION IN BRANCHING CONDUITS

A phenomenological model for phase separation in branching conduits (Hwang el al., 1988) has been extended and improved. These modifications involve new models for the phase distribution at the inlet of a branching junction corresponding to four different flow regimes, and a correction for flooding in vertical junctions. This mechanistically-based model gives good agreement when compared with representative experimental data.     

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF BUBBLY/SLUG FLOW REGIME TRANSITION

A new mathematical modeling approach has been applied to the analysis of bubbly vapor/liquid flows. In particular, an integro-differential equation has been formulated which describes the bubble size distribution function. Various moments of this equation yield important two-phase flow parameters, such as the bubble number density, the mean bubble radius, and the interfacial area density. The steady-state distribution function has been numerically evaluated and an approximate analytical solution has been constructed. It was found that the model appears to be inherently capable of predicting the bubble to slug flow regime transition.     

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CLOSURES ON THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF BUBBLE COLUMN FLOWS

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are performed for two-dimensional bubble columns to examine the effect of different interfacial force closures on the computed liquid velocity and gas holdup profiles. In this regard, six different drag closure relationships and three different virtual mass formulations are incorporated in the framework of the Los Alamos National Laboratory's code CFDLIB. The Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model is used. The results are compared with the experimental results of Mudde et al. (1997), the gas holdup correlation of Anabtawi et al., (2003), and CFD simulations of Pan et al. (2000). With the exception of one, all the correlations studied give good agreement (within engineering accuracy) between the computed results and the experimental data.     

气—液鼓泡塔中流动域和气含率的分布

利用压力传感器测定了气、液两相鼓泡塔内不同轴、径向位置上压强的脉动信号,分析了压强的脉动特征,计算了各种操作条件下塔内不同轴向位置截面上的平均气含率,发现在不同操作条件下,塔内可能出现不同的流动域分布,即全塔均匀鼓泡域、全塔过渡域、全塔湍动鼓泡域以及均匀鼓泡域,过渡域和湍动鼓泡域中的相邻2种或3种流域同时出现在塔内不同高度上。提出了不同轴向位置流域转变的判据。并发现,同一截面的不同径向位置基本处于同一流域内。同时研究了鼓泡塔内气含率在轴向上的分布规律,给出了不同流动域内气含率的关系式。     

水平管泡状流局部实验参数的概率统计方法

引　言在水平管泡状流相分布的实验研究方面 ,Ｋｏｃａｍｕｓｔａｆａｏｇｕｌｌａｒｉ[1] 对直径为 5 0ｍｍ的水平管中的泡状流做了较详细的测量 ,孙科霞等[2 ,3] 对直径为 2 0ｍｍ的水平管中的泡状流做了测量 .他们在对测量数据的处理中都假定气泡只沿一个方向运动 ,而没有考虑气泡的横向运动 .事实上 ,气泡在管内运动时 ,在各种力的联合作用下 ,不只是沿探针主轴方向运动 .气泡与探针轴向有一入口角 ,探针测得的只是一种表观速度 ,这一表观速度一般不等于气泡实际速度 .Ｄｉａｓ等[4 ]在对双头电导探针测得的垂直管泡状流参数统计时考虑…     

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EIGENVALUES OF BUBBLY TWO-PHASE FLOWS

The eigenvalues and Riemann invariants of a typical two-fluid model of bubbly two-phase flow are analyzed. An analytical procedure for converting this system of conservation equations from Lagrangian to Eulerian (i.e., conservation) form is presented. It is shown that void waves may exhibit both shocks and rarefactions. Moreover, the dependence of the eigenvalues on closure assumptions is demonstrated.     

KINETIC STUDY OF REMOVAL OF NO IN MOLTEN SALT SYSTEM

The kinetics of the reduction of NO by NH₃ in the presence of O₂ in molten salts of 50mol% NH₄HSO₄ and 50mol% NaHS04 with a V₂O₅ as catalyst was investigated by chemical absorption method using a bubble column reactor at temperatures ranging 150 to 180°C. The rate of the reduction of NO could be expressed as first-order with respect to the concentration of NO. The first-order reaction rate constants with V₂O₅ and V₂O₅-NH₄Br-TiO₂-SiO₂ as catalyst were determined. The Henry's law constants of NO in the molten salts were determined in the same range of temperature.     

加压湿壁塔内的气液传热传质

本文研究了加压条件下空气水系统在湿壁塔内同向流动时传递行为。分析中考虑了界面处气相混和物非理想行为及剪切应力的影响,忽略传质对气体运动影响。提出了计算加压条件下气侧局部传热传质系数关系式,并对两相加压下传递行为进行系统地分析。分析结果表明,采用常压计算方法进行加压传热传质计算,将产生较大的偏差。     

Gas‐Liquid Mass Transfer Approach applied to the Modeling of Flotation in a Bubble Column

A kinetic model developed to describe flotation in a bubble column is presented. This model, developed on the basis of the theory of mass transfer in gas‐liquid flows, makes explicit in its formulation the effect of the superficial saturation of bubbles on the kinetics of flotation. The model is applied to the simulation of flotation column experiments for which the classical first‐order models, commonly used in flotation modeling, are insufficient to represent the flotation kinetics. The results of the simulations obtained under different hypotheses of simplification and compared to experimental data show that the model succeeds in representing the flotation kinetics in these cases.     

A LUMPED KINETIC MODEL FOR DEHYDRATION OF ETHANOL TO HYDROCARBONS OVER HZSM-5

A kinetic model for the conversion of ethanol to hydrocarbons over HZSM-5 catalyst has been developed. The model is based on data from ethanol dehydration experiments conducted in a fixed-bed integral reactor at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 150°C to 360°C, and is the first which integrates the major reaction pathways of both dehydration and higher hydrocarbon formation over ZSM-5 zeolite. In the model C₃-C₆ olefins, C₃-C₅ paraffins, and C₆⁺ hydrocarbons are treated as lumped species, while ethanol, diethyl ether, ethylene, and ethane are treated individually. Nonlinear parameter estimation using quasilinearization and least squares as the objective function has been implemented to estimate rate constants, adsorption equilibrium constants, and activation energies. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions successfully correlated the experimental data.     

NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS OF TUBE BUNDLES EROSION BY TURBULENT PARTICLE-LADEN GAS FLOWS

Erosion of tubes in tube bundles by particles suspended in gas flows is a major problem in the power industry. In this paper, a numerical study has been conducted for the flow of a dilute particle-laden gas moving past two row in-line tubes undergoing erosion. An orthogonal-curvilinear co-ordinate system was used to calculate turbulent flow around the tubes. The prediction of particle trajectories took into account the effect of the turbulence with a stochastic particle dispersion model. The results from this study included the distributions of particle collision frequency and erosion damage of tube surfaces.     

NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS OF TUBE BUNDLES EROSION BY TURBULENT PARTICLE-LADEN GAS FLOWS

Erosion of tubes in tube bundles by particles suspended in gas flows is a major problem in the power industry. In this paper, a numerical study has been conducted for the flow of a dilute particle-laden gas moving past two row in-line tubes undergoing erosion. An orthogonal-curvilinear co-ordinate system was used to calculate turbulent flow around the tubes. The prediction of particle trajectories took into account the effect of the turbulence with a stochastic particle dispersion model. The results from this study included the distributions of particle collision frequency and erosion damage of tube surfaces.     

INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF LASER-DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY IN TWO-PHASE BUBBLY FLOWS

Understanding the dynamic phenomena of viability loss of shear sensitive cells and bubble breakage and coalescence within airlift reactors requires knowledge of local, liquid-phase hydrodynamics. The laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) is a non-invasive instrument which may be used to obtain this information. Experimental procedures and software were developed to detect and measure Doppler bursts in two-phase flow in a split-cylinder airlift reactor. Off-line analysis of the data indicated a detection rate approximately one order of magnitude greater than that observed using an available commercial frequency tracker. Approximately 400 to 500 observations are needed for the ensemble mean to characterize the local mean velocity to within ±5% for a superficial gas velocity of 10.4 cm/s, the highest superficial gas velocity used in these studies. The limitations, prospects, and signal-processing options for LDV in this application are also discussed     

Impact of Cellulose and Surfactants on Mass Transfer of Bubble Columns

The effects of cellulose, surfactants, and their combination on the hydrodynamic behavior and the liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient of a bubble column were evaluated. For that purpose, different aqueous solutions containing surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and cellulose (microcrystalline cellulose, MCC) were investigated. The interfacial areas were calculated from the bubble diameters, the bubble frequencies, and the terminal bubble rising velocities. The liquid‐side mass transfer coefficients were determined from the volumetric mass transfer coefficients measured by the dynamic method. In the concentration range under test, the experimental results proved that the addition of MCC to the studied liquid phases did not affect the mass transfer coefficient.