基于AODV的能量有效路由协议

通过对AODV路由协议进行改进，提出了基于AODV的能量有效的路由协议（EE—AODV）。新协议考虑了节点的剩余能量，根据节点的剩余能量调节RREQ延迟来平衡节点的能量消耗，利用节点最近一次传递过数据分组的时间作为约束条件来优化RREQ的洪泛广播，降低网络的能量消耗。仿真结果表明．和AODV路由协议相比，新协议降低了网络的能量消耗并减少了耗尽能量的节点数，延长了网络的生存时间。     

Research on the flooding routing arithmetic of wireless sensor networks based on solar-blind UV light

Tianjin University of Technology and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 In this paper the solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) light is used as communication medium for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Three types of single scattering UV communication models are introduced and a directional flooding model is proposed, which are based on the directionality of the UV communication and the traditional flooding routing model. The delay, delay jitter, throughput and energy consumption of the three types of communications of the new model are simulated and compared. The results indicate that the proposed directional flooding model can effectively avoid the unidirectionality and the blindness of the traditional flooding broadcast messages. The energy consumption of nodes in the network is reduced and the life cycle of the network is extended.     

Energy efficient watchman based flooding algorithm for IoT-enabled underwater wireless sensor and actor networks

In the task of data routing in Internet of Things enabled volatile underwater environments, providing better transmission and maximizing network communication performance are always challenging. Many network issues such as void holes and network isolation occur because of long routing distances between nodes. Void holes usually occur around the sink because nodes die early due to the high energy consumed to forward packets sent and received from other nodes. These void holes are a major challenge for I-UWSANs and cause high end-to-end delay, data packet loss, and energy consumption. They also affect the data delivery ratio. Hence, this paper presents an energy efficient watchman based flooding algorithm to address void holes. First, the proposed technique is formally verified by the Z-Eves toolbox to ensure its validity and correctness. Second, simulation is used to evaluate the energy consumption, packet loss, packet delivery ratio, and throughput of the network. The results are compared with well-known algorithms like energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing and angle based flooding. The extensive results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the benchmark techniques.     

Performance evaluation of mobile ad hoc networks under flooding‐based attacks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an open wireless network that comprises a set of mobile, decentralized, and self‐organized nodes. Its properties render its environment susceptible to different types of attacks, which can paralyze the mobile nodes in MANET. A particularly dangerous type of attack is run primarily under flooding bogus packet mechanisms, such as hello floods, routing table overflows, exploitation of node penalizing schemes, and resource consumption attack (RCA). Flooding‐based attacks impose severe effects because they are intended to consume MANET resources, such as bandwidth, node memory, and battery power. Therefore, identifying such effects facilitates the development of countermeasures against the intrusions. In this paper, we introduce a simulation‐based study on the effects of RCA on MANET. Qual Net v5.0.2 is used to examine the severity of the effects on MANET performance metrics in terms of throughput, end‐to‐end delay, energy consumption, and routing overhead. The effects of RCA are also monitored under two combinations of four factors: we first vary the number of attackers and attackers' positions, and then modify the attackers' radio range and flooding rate. We also examine the effect of flooding mechanism on the energy consumed by resource consumption attackers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An energy aware algorithm for OLSR clustering

One of the important aspects of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is the limitation of the amount of available energy and the network lifetime. The tremendous amount of using mobile nodes in wireless communication medium makes energy efficiency a fundamental requirement for MANETs. In this paper, we propose a novel energy aware clustering algorithm for the optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocol. This algorithm takes into account the node density and mobility and gives major improvements regarding the number of elected cluster heads. Our objective is to elect a reasonable number of cluster heads that will serve for hierarchical routing based on OLSR. The proposed algorithm aims to increase the network lifetime by considering the ad hoc residual energy while taking routing decisions. It also optimizes the delay of carried flows by adopting a selective forwarding approach based on a hierarchical routing model.     

An energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks

Wireless sensor and actuator networks are composed of sensor and actuator nodes interconnected via wireless links. The actuators are responsible for taking prompt decisions and react accordingly to the data gathered by sensor nodes. In order to ensure efficient actions in such networks, we propose a new routing protocol that provides QoS in terms of delay and energy consumption. The network is organized in clusters supervised by CHs (Cluster-Heads), elected according to important metrics, namely the energy capability, the riches of connectivity, which is used to select the CH with high node density, and the accessibility degree regarding all the actuators. The latter metric is the distance in number of hops of sensor nodes relative to the actuator nodes. This metric enhances more the network reliability by reducing the communication delay when alerting the actuator nodes, and hence, reducing the energy consumption. To reach efficiently the actuator nodes, we design a delay and energy sensitive routing protocol based on-demand routing approach. Our protocol incurs less delay and is energy efficient. We perform an evaluation of our approach through simulations. The obtained results show out performance of our approach while providing effective gain in terms of communication delay and energy consumption.     

Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey

Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas.     

交通路灯监控系统的无线传感网链状路由算法

在交通路灯监控系统中为节省网络节点能耗和降低数据传输时延,提出一种无线传感网链状路由算法（CRASMS）。该算法根据节点和监控区域的信息将监控区域分成若干个簇区域,在每一个簇区域中依次循环选择某个节点为簇头节点,通过簇头节点和传感节点的通信建立簇内星型网络,最终簇头节点接收传感节点数据,采用数据融合算法降低数据冗余,通过簇头节点间的多跳路由将数据传输到Sink节点并将用户端的指令传输到被控节点。仿真结果表明：CRASMS算法保持了PEGASIS算法在节点能耗方面和LEACH算法在传输时延方面的优点,克服了PEGASIS 算法在传输时延方面和LEACH算法在节点能耗方面的不足,将网络平均节点能耗和平均数据传输时延保持在较低水平。在一定的条件下,CRASMS算法比LEACH和PEGASIS算法更优。     

Energy Efficient QoS Aware Hierarchical KF-MAC Routing Protocol in Manet

The paper proposes an energy efficient quality of services (QoS) aware hierarchical KF-MAC routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. The proposed KF-MAC (K-means cluster formation firefly cluster head selection based MAC routing) protocol reduces the concentration of QoS parameters when the node transmits data from source to destination. At first, K-means clustering technique is utilized for clustering the network into nodes. Then the clustered nodes are classified and optimized by the firefly optimization algorithm to find cluster heads for the clustered nodes. The transmission of data begins in the network nodes and TDMA based MAC routing does communication. The observation on KF-MAC protocol performs well for QoS parameters such as bandwidth, delay, bit error rate and jitter. The evaluation of proposed protocol based on a simulation study concludes that the proposed protocol provides a better result in contrast to the existing fuzzy based energy aware routing protocol and modified dynamic source routing protocol. With KF-MAC protocol, the collision free data transmission with low average energy consumption is achieved.     

Energy Efficiency Routing with Node Compromised Resistance in Wireless Sensor Networks

For the energy limited wireless sensor networks, the critical problem is how to achieve the energy efficiency. Many attackers can consume the limited network energy, by the method of capturing some legal nodes then control them to start DoS and flooding attack, which is difficult to be detected by only the classic cryptography based techniques with common routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We argue that under the condition of attacking, existing routing schemes are low energy-efficient and vulnerable to inside attack due to their deterministic nature. To avoid the energy consumption caused by the inside attack initiated by the malicious nodes, this paper proposes a novel energy efficiency routing with node compromised resistance (EENC) based on Ant Colony Optimization. Under our design, each node computes the trust value of its 1-hop neighbors based on their multiple behavior attributes evaluation and builds a trust management by the trust value. By this way, sensor nodes act as router to achieve dynamic and adaptive routing, where the node can select much energy efficiency and faithful forwarding node from its neighbors according to their remaining energy and trust values in the next process of data collection. Simulation results indicate that the established routing can bypass most compromised nodes in the transmission path and EENC has high performance in energy efficiency, which can prolong the network lifetime.     

A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks

Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues.     

泛洪攻击对Epidemic机制下机会网络生命期的影响

机会网络应用中存在能量无法补充的场景,泛洪是机会网络中容易发生的攻击行为。从理论上分析了在Epidemic路由机制下,泛洪攻击导致的节点能量消耗以及对网络生命期的影响。分析表明恶意节点数量的增加会对网络生命期产生显著影响,而恶意节点注入的数据分组的数量仅能在特定的场景下产生影响,且影响轻微。使用ONE仿真平台对泛洪攻击进行了仿真实验,仿真结果与理论分析的结论一致。     

Performance Analysis of Adaptive Routing Structure for Wireless Sensor Network Based on Load Balancing

Wireless sensor network consists of sensor nodes with battery operated device. The key challenges in the wireless sensor network are energy consumption and routing optimization. This work presents the cluster based load balancing (CBLB) routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol is used to minimize the energy consumption and increase the routing performance. It avoids the routing robustness, delay and increases the delivery rate and network performance. In existing techniques, different routing protocols such as LEACH, HEED and MESTER were used to increase the network performance and to decrease the energy consumption. But these existing techniques did not satisfy the performance requirements of wireless sensor networks. Hence, there is a requirement to develop a technique that meets the QoS requirements and needs of wireless sensor network. The proposed CBLB routing protocol creates a cluster head in the decentralized network and the cluster head will be used to distribute the workload evenly to the cluster members for reducing the energy consumption in wireless sensor network. Experimental results analyze the performance of the proposed protocol with the different existing protocols. The proposed protocol achieves high throughput, delivery rate and reduces the energy consumption, delay and routing overhead.     

Energy Efficient Routing Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Ant-Colony Optimization

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consists of numerous number of nodes fitted with energy reserves to collect large amount of data from the environment on which it is deployed. Energy conservation has huge importance in wsn since it is virtually impossible to recharge the nodes in their remote deployment. Forwarding the collected data from nodes to the base station requires considerable amount of energy. Hence efficient routing protocols should be used in forwarding the data to the base station in order to minimize the energy consumption thereby increasing the life-time of the network. In this proposed routing protocol, we consider a hierarchical routing architecture in which nodes in the outer-level forwards data to the inner-level nodes. Here we optimized the routing path using ant-colonies where data moves along minimal congested path. Further, when ant-colony optimization is used, certain cluster-head nodes may get overloaded with data forwarding resulting in early death due to lack of energy. To overcome this anomaly, we estimated the amount of data a neighboring Cluster-head can forward based on their residual energy. We compared the energy consumption results of this proposed Routing using Ant Colony Optimization (RACO) with other existing clustering protocols and found that this system conserves more energy thereby increasing lifetime of the network.

     

一种Ad hoc网络中的协作路由方案及性能分析

该文提出了一种新的Ad hoc网络协作路由方案,通过邻居节点的协同发射,多点接收及路径总功率的比较,形成一条多点协作的能量最小路径。在节点可以获知邻居节点相对位置的假设下,通过在路由请求报文中携带路径总功率和协作簇信息,分布式地实现了路由方案。仿真结果表明协作路由比传统非协作的路由能量效率有30~50%的改善,同时通过协作节点的选择,选择最有效的节点进行协同发射,在能量效率略有下降的同时,降低了协作控制的开销和计算的复杂度。     

An ant colony optimization based routing algorithm for extending network lifetime in wireless sensor networks

Reducing the energy consumption of network nodes is one of the most important problems for routing in wireless sensor networks because of the battery limitation in each sensor. This paper presents a new ant colony optimization based routing algorithm that uses special parameters in its competency function for reducing energy consumption of network nodes. In this new proposed algorithm called life time aware routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks (LTAWSN), a new pheromone update operator was designed to integrate energy consumption and hops into routing choice. Finally, with the results of the multiple simulations we were able to show that LTAWSN, in comparison with the previous ant colony based routing algorithm, energy aware ant colony routing algorithms for the routing of wireless sensor networks, ant colony optimization-based location-aware routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks and traditional ant colony algorithm, increase the efficiency of the system, obtains more balanced transmission among the nodes and reduce the energy consumption of the routing and extends the network lifetime.     

Power-efficient routing schemes for MANETs: a survey and open issues

Ubiquitous smart devices with embedded sensors are paving the way for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that enable users to communicate directly, thereby playing a key role in Smart City and Internet of Things applications. In such smart environments, people with smart devices (nodes) can freely self-organize and form self-configuring MANETs to send and forward data packets to a destination over multiple hops via intermediate nodes. However, the energy consumption during routing remains a challenge in such ensemble mobile environments due to the limited battery capacity of mobile devices. This challenging issue has received substantial research attention, necessitating an exhaustive literature search over the variety of academic fields addressing this topic. The main motivation of this paper is to review various power-efficient routing schemes in MANETs that have recently been proposed to reduce the energy consumed when transmitting and receiving packets during active communication. Accordingly, these protocols are classified into six categories: (1) link state-based, (2) source-initiated-based, (3) transmission power control-based, (4) load-balancing-based, (5) location-based and (6) multicast-based routing approaches. The review covers various state-of-the-art protocols for each category and highlights their operation concepts, design challenges and key features. In addition, the various protocols are compared with emphasis on the merits and drawbacks as well as the considered metrics of each scheme. Finally, we provide a conclusion and suggest potential directions for future research in the field.     

Actor-oriented directional anycast routing in wireless sensor and actor networks with smart antennas

Current routing protocols in wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) shows a lack of unification for different traffic patterns because the communication for sensor to actor and that for actor to actor are designed separately. Such a design poses a challenge for interoperability between sensors and actors. With the presence of rich-resource actor nodes, we argue that to improve network lifetime, the problem transforms from reducing overall network energy consumption to reducing energy consumption of constrained sensor nodes. To reduce energy consumption of sensor nodes, especially in challenging environments with coverage holes/obstacles, we propose that actor nodes should share forwarding tasks with sensor nodes. To enable such a feature, efficient interoperability between sensors and actors is required, and thus a unified routing protocol for both sensors and actors is needed. This paper explores capabilities of directional transmission with smart antennas and rich-resource actors to design a novel unified actor-oriented directional anycast routing protocol (ADA) which supports arbitrary traffic in WSANs. The proposed routing protocol exploits actors as main routing anchors as much as possible because they have better energy and computing power compared to constraint sensor nodes. In addition, a directional anycast routing approach is also proposed to further reduce total delay and energy consumption of overall network. Through extensive experiments, we show that ADA outperforms state-of-the-art protocols in terms of packet delivery latency, network lifetime, and packet reliability. In addition, by offer fault tolerant features, ADA also performs well in challenging environments where coverage holes and obstacles are of concerns.     

无线传感器网络簇间节能路由算法

针对基于分簇网络的无线传感器网络簇间路由协议,让簇首和Sink节点直接通信或通过簇首节点转发数据造成能耗不均,节点过早死亡的缺陷。文中提出一种基于网关节点模型的无线传感器网络簇间路由算法,通过簇头与网关节点、网关节点自身建立虚电路,制定存储转发路由,将数据转发给Sink节点。并引入延时等待机制,增强了簇间信息的融合度,此算法适用于大规模无线传感器网络,有良好的可扩展性。仿真表明在能量节省等性能上与传统簇间路由算法相较有较大提高。     

无线多媒体传感器网络中一种改进路由算法

随着网络负载增加,经典的TPGF( Two-Phase geographic Greedy Forwarding)算法难以找到节点分离路径,会导致网络吞吐量、投递率以及端到端时延性能下降。此外,当网络拓扑变动不大时, TPGF中每条路径所包含节点要消耗比其他节点更多的能量,会导致其过快死亡,从而影响网络性能。为此,将联合网络编码技术引入 TPGF,提出一种编码与能量感知的 TPGF 路由算法( NE-TPGF)。该算法综合考虑节点的地理位置、编码机会、剩余能量等因素,同时利用联合网络编码技术进一步扩展编码结构,充分利用网络编码优势来建立相对最优的传输路径。仿真结果表明, NE-TPGF能够增加编码机会,提高网络吞吐量和投递率,降低端到端时延,并且还有利于减少和平衡节点的能量消耗。