一种高效节能的无线传感器网络 MAC 协议

针对无线传感器网络 MAC 协议的作用与要求,给出一种基于 CDMA 的 MAC 协议改进方案.根据网络负载变化采用周期性的侦听/睡眠机制,使大多数节点处于睡眠状态,节省能耗;同时结合 CDMA 技术给节点分配网内唯一的具有正交性的高速伪随机码(PN)来调制数据信号,使之在时域和频域重叠,实现数据的大规模实时传送.仿真结果表明,协议在保证系统低延时和高吞吐量的同时,能明显减少能量消耗.     

A Scalable Priority-Based Multi-Path Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a scalable priority-based multi-path routing protocol (PRIMP) is proposed for wireless sensor networks to offer extended network lifetime and robust network fault tolerance, under the context of stringent energy constraint and vulnerability of sensors to dynamic environmental conditions. A novel interest dissemination strategy which invokes an on-demand virtual source technique is designed in PRIMP to minimize communication overheads and energy wastage. In routing, data traffic is distributed over multiple braided data paths simultaneously by a priority-based probabilistic approach at each hop to achieve the robustness against the unreliable transmission due to frequent node failures. Extensive simulations validate that PRIMP exhibits significantly better performance in energy conservation, load-balancing and data delivery than comparable schemes, while at the same time PRIMP achieves a nice scalability feature in terms of energy dissipation with various network sizes and network densities. Last but not least, PRIMP addresses the slow startup problem that is prevalent in data-centric routing schemes.     

A Priority-Based MAC Protocol for Energy Consumption and Delay Guaranteed in Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Wireless body area networks (WBANs) consist of tiny sensors that placed around or implant in the human body. These nodes can permanently monitor the health of...     

一种新颖的无线传感器网络的MAC协议

通过对MAC协议运行原理、具有的优缺点、目前所存在的问题以及网络中信道接入机制和能效问题进行分析的基础上,给出一种侦听/睡眠和CDMA相结合的混合MAC协议,此协议采用周期性侦听/睡眠机制和CDMA技术来保证数据的流畅传输,从而实现能量的有效利用。最后,利用仿真软件NS2证明新方法的优越性和高效性。     

一种低时延的无线传感器网络MAC协议

简要分析了无线传感器网络MAC层协议的作用,针对MAC协议在低时延方面的不足,提出了一种低时延的MAC协议(L-MAC).该协议采用汇聚树,在满足低功耗的基础上,减少了时延.理论分析和仿真实验表明L-MAC较好地解决了时延问题.     

An Energy Conservation MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices. Because of the limitation of battery power in the sensor nodes, energy conservation is a crucial issue in wireless sensor networks. Consequently, there is much literature presenting energy-efficient MAC protocols based on active/sleep duty cycle mechanisms to conserve energy. Convergecast is a common communication pattern across many sensor network applications featuring data gathering from many different source nodes to a single sink node. This leads to high data collision rates, high energy consumption, and low throughput near the sink node. This paper proposes an efficient slot reservation MAC protocol to reduce energy consumption and to make transmission more efficient in data gathering wireless sensor networks. The simulation results show that our protocol provides high throughput, low delivery latency and low energy consumption compared to other methods.

Energy Efficient Fuzzy Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Energy efficiency to route data in wireless sensor networks is key concern to enhance network lifetime. In this paper, an energy efficient routing protocol has...     

A New Energy Efficient Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks consist of low cost sensor nodes which have limited power supplies, memory capacity, processing capability and transmission rate. Sensor nodes gather information from the environment and send the collected information to base station with help of a routing cooperation. Because of limited resources in Wireless Sensor Networks, fulfilling these routing operations is a major problem. Routing protocols are used to perform these operations. The most important thing by considering while these protocols are designed is energy efficiency. Because wireless sensor networks are widely used in intelligent systems, the energy efficiency of these networks is very important in IoT. Researchers have proposed several hierarchical routing protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN and APTEEN. In this study, an energy efficient routing protocol is developed which is more efficient than currently avaliable routing protocols. The developed protocol involves mapping of the network, sleep–wake/load balancing, data merge processes. The proposed protocol gives better results than other protocols in number of surviving nodes and amount of energy consumed criterias.     

无线传感器网络中一种动态节能的MAC协议

媒体访问控制(MAC)协议是无线传感器网络的关键协议之一,它对无线传感网络的运行和性能具有重要的影响.针对基于簇的TDMA机制存在问题,文中提出了一个动态节能的DE-MAC协议,该协议能够根据簇成员节点数目和通信负载动态地分配成员节点的时隙,减少节点的空闲侦听时间.仿真结果表明,DE-MAC协议能够有效地提高信道的利用率和网络能量有效性.     

MLMAC-HEAP: A Multi-Layer MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting

Wireless Personal Communications - Limited availability of energy is the most crucial constraint of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Most power consuming part of WSN node is transreceiver and...     

A New Dynamic Energy Efficient Latency Improving Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In delay sensitive applications of wireless sensor network, it is required to monitor the situation continuously with the sensors. The continuous operation and processing delay, may contribute latency in data communication. This results in more energy consumption of the sensor nodes. It is difficult to replace the battery of a sensor node, after the deployment in the network. The efficient energy management and low latency are the important issues in delay sensitive applications as they affect the life of network. There are some limitations in existing routing protocols as they are particularly designed either for energy efficiency or minimum latency. This paper presents the new protocol to overcome some drawbacks of the existing protocols. A concept of distance metric based routing is explored for shortest routing path selection. This helps to reduce the overhead of the network traffic, which results in improvement of energy efficiency and latency. The simulation results are compared with standard ‘AODV’ routing protocol. It is observed that, this ‘Dynamic Energy Efficient and Latency Improving Protocol’ will be very much suitable for wireless sensor networks in industrial control applications.     

An Improved Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Increasing the Life Time of Wireless Sensor Networks

The intention behind this article is to devise a fresh clustering algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. The major aspiration is to curtail the energy utilization at the cluster building and data transmission levels to the Base Station. The algorithms offered are not dedicated to a particular type of sensor network or a specific application. We consider several parameters when choosing Cluster Head such as energy, degree and distance. These parameters have been studied separately or in combination in several literature works and their efficiency in terms of energy utilization and structural stability have been shown. The proposed approach is termed as the Distance Energy Evaluated (DEE) Approach. The DEE approach has lower intricacy in message size. The proposed approach is tested by running various MATLAB simulations. The results illustrate that our proposed protocol has shown significant improvement as compared to other approaches in terms of the lifespan of the network and energy usage.

     

EERP:一种能源有效的无线传感器网络路由协议

针对同构无线传感器网络的能源瓶颈问题提出一种能源有效的自适应路由协议,该协议在分布式动态分簇的基础上提出一种班车算法对数据进行逐层汇聚,以减少网络中流动数据包的数量,同时分担簇头节点的计算量。Tossim仿真试验表明该协议能够显著地减少节点的能量开销,提高网络的适应性,有效地延长网络的生命周期。     

基于无线传感器网络时间同步MAC协议研究

针对S-MAC协议中不同虚拟簇边界节点的帧的监听时隙不同,提出了在每个节点中保存一个调度表列表,设计创建生成树同步算法。根据优先级标准,在虚拟簇边界节点上进行调度取舍,实现调度的全网同步,完成虚拟簇的合并,消除边界节点,从而解决边界节点能耗过快的问题。仿真结果表明,相比于原有协议,改进后的协议减少网络能耗,降低了数据传输时延。     

一种高效的无线传感器网络MAC层方案

媒体接入控制协议(MAC)是影响无线传感器网络能量效率的重要方面,SMAC是其中具有代表性的方案。SMAC无法实现调度表的全网同步,只能形成多个在局部范围内同步的簇,簇间边界节点相对于内部节点能量消耗要快。针对这一问题提出了一种改进的MAC方案,利用调度表的全网同步来实现簇的合并,消除了边界节点,提高了MAC层的能量效率,使网络连通性得到提高。仿真证明了方案的有效性和可扩展性。本方案同时满足无线传感器网络分布式和经济性的要求。     

OS-MAC: An Efficient MAC Protocol for Spectrum-Agile Wireless Networks

Wireless networks and devices have been rapidly gaining popularity over their wired counterparts. This popularity, in turn, has been generating an explosive and ever-increasing demand for, and hence creating a shortage of, the radio spectrum. Existing studies indicate that this foreseen spectrum shortage is not so much due to the scarcity of the radio spectrum, but due to the inefficiency of current spectrum access methods, thus leaving spectrum opportunities along both the time and the frequency dimensions that wireless devices can exploit. Fortunately, recent technological advances have made it possible to build software-defined radios (SDRs) which, unlike traditional radios, can switch from one frequency band to another at little or no cost. We propose a MAC protocol, called Opportunistic Spectrum MAC (OS-MAC), for wireless networks equipped with cognitive radios like SDRs. OS-MAC (1) adaptively and dynamically seeks and exploits opportunities in both licensed and unlicensed spectra and along both the time and the frequency dimensions; (2) accesses and shares spectrum among different unlicensed and licensed users; and (3) coordinates with other unlicensed users for better spectrum utilization. Using extensive simulation, OS-MAC is shown to be far more effective than current access protocols from both the network's and the user's perspectives. By comparing its performance with an Ideal-MAC protocol, OS-MAC is also shown to not only outperform current access protocols, but also achieve performance very close to that obtainable under the Ideal-MAC protocol.     

An Energy Efficient Scalable Clustering Protocol for Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks

The issue of energy constraint has always been a challenging task in the research field of wireless sensor networks. Clustering is the most effective approach for enhancing the performance of wireless sensor networks to a great extent in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime and throughput. However, the uneven formation of clusters can lead to faster energy depletion of few nodes, and thus results in premature failure of the wireless sensor network. This paper proposes an energy-efficient scalable clustering protocol (EESCP) which considers inter-cluster and intra-cluster distances to generate balanced clusters. A novel Dragonfly algorithm based particle swarm optimization technique is proposed to optimize the selection of cluster heads. Further, extensive simulations have been carried out by varying node densities and network sizes to demonstrate the full potential of EESCP.

     

UCRP—一种能量有效的WSN非均匀分簇路由协议

提出了一种新的能量有效的非均匀分簇路由协议—UCRP.根据距离基站的远近将网络分为大小不同的簇;簇内数据传输根据簇范围的大小采用单跳或多跳;簇间数据传输构建多跳路由,簇首选择下一跳节点时将能量与最小跳数路由算法相结合;最后在能量有效的前提下对LEACH协议易受到HELLO flooding攻击提出了安全设想.仿真结果表明:该协议能够有效地均衡簇首和全网能耗,延长网络生存时间.     

Quasi-dynamic Load Balanced Clustering Protocol for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Miscellaneous issues related to wireless sensor networks (WSN) like clustering of sensor nodes, load balancing amongst the cluster heads, energy efficient...     

Adaptive MAC Protocol for Solar Energy Harvesting Based Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture

The wireless sensor network is one of the promising technologies in the agriculture field. Its actual usage in real agriculture fields is limited by its dependence on the small batteries which cannot make the network survive for long. Various protocols are being designed at the network and MAC layer to increase the lifetime of the nodes, but up to a certain extent only. Hence the energy harvesting to power up the WSN nodes is a promising technology to fulfill this ever energy demand, but the protocols need to be redesigned for this scenario. Solar energy harvesting based MAC protocol which is adaptive to the changing weather conditions is designed in this paper for the smart agriculture applications. It is based on the multilayer and receiver-initiated process to improve network quality. It has shown the remarkable performance over the other energy harvesting based protocols in terms of ENO ratio, energy consumption and collision rate.