放电等离子烧结技术的原理及应用

放电等离子烧结(SPS)是一种用于材料烧结致密化的新技术，为深入研究和探讨其技术优势，介绍了SPS的基本原理和系统的组成，讨论了SPS技术在纳米材料的制备、梯度功能材料的烧结和高致密度、细晶粒陶瓷制备等方面的应用，并对其研究和应用前景予以展望。     

TiB2陶瓷活化烧结及制备技术

TiB2材料具有高熔点、高硬度、耐磨、耐腐蚀、抗氧化以及导电性好和导热性好等优点,是一种具有广泛应用前景的新型陶瓷材料.但是其极强的共价键晶体结构和较低的自扩散系数,使得其很难获得致密的陶瓷材料.主要从添加助烧剂和烧结技术两方面介绍了TiB2陶瓷活化烧结方法的研究进展,并分析了该技术促进材料烧结致密化的机制,同时介绍了热压烧结和放电等离子(SPS)烧结技术.     

放电等离子烧结与传统烧结法制备（Ba，Sr）TiO3陶瓷的性能比较

研究分别采用了放电等离子烧结方法(Spark Plasma Sintering,SPS)和普通烧结方法,对(Ba,Sr)TiO3陶瓷进行不同温度下的烧结(1200～1300℃),进而研究了放电等离子烧结对(Ba,Sr)TiO3陶瓷性质的改良能力.实验表明,同温度下SPS法烧结的(Ba,Sr)TiO3陶瓷具有更大的相对介电常数,更低的电流损耗.同时,从SEM照片中观测到SPS烧结法可以较好的改进陶瓷的表面致密度.另外,1240℃下用SPS方法烧结的(Ba,Sr)TiO3陶瓷有着最优良的性质.     

放电等离子烧结技术的应用

本文主要介绍了一种粉末烧结技术——放电等离子烧结。首先从结构设计上进行了介绍,放电等离子烧结的主要原理是在粉末进行压力烧结的同时施加电流,最终实现材料的致密化。放电等离子烧结的主要优点是烧结温度低、时间短、升温快、材料致密等。最后列举了放电等离子烧结技术在热电材料、硬质材料、功能梯度材料等的应用实例,论述表明放电等离子烧结技术是一种可以制备高性能材料的烧结技术。     

放电等离子烧结(SPS)YAG陶瓷的初步研究

研究了采用放电等离子烧结(Spark Plasma Sintering SPS),利用高纯的氧化钇和氧化铝,在1500～1700℃,真空度优于10Pa,反应快速合成YAG陶瓷,但试样的致密度不高,而低气孔率是制备透明陶瓷的关键,实验表明,TEOS的掺加和粉料粒度的减小对烧结试样致密度的提高有一定的作用.     

放电等离子烧结技术制备MgAl2O4透明陶瓷的研究进展

MgAl2O4透明陶瓷由于其优良的力学性能及在可见光和红外波长范围内优异的光学性能,被认为是一种非常重要的光学材料.总结归纳了放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备MgAl2O4透明陶瓷的研究进展,重点介绍了温度和压力对材料最终光学性能的影响.分析表明,放电等离子烧结过程中升温速度、预压力对最终光学性能有较大影响.据此提出了相应的解决措施,并对今后的研究应用方向进行了展望,为进一步的深入研究奠定了基础.     

纳米Cu粉末的SPS烧结与晶粒长大行为的研究

为了研究金属材料在放电等离子烧结(SPS)过程中晶粒的长大行为和激活能的变化情况,利用SEM、FESEM、TEM等技术分析测定了纳米Cu粉坯体在SPS过程中组织形貌和晶粒尺寸的变化情况.研究表明:特定的工艺和烧结制度下,应用SPS技术可以得到均匀、致密的组织;脉冲电流的作用使晶粒表面大大活化,晶粒长大激活能大大降低,材料在迅速烧结的同时,晶粒也迅速长大.     

放电等离子烧结(SPS)制备金属材料研究进展

综述了放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术在制备纳米/超细晶、大块非晶、准晶、金属间化合物、功能梯度材料、多孔材料、硬质合金等多种金属材料中的应用情况.重点阐述烧结过程中的致密化机理,焦耳热生成机制,关于等离子活化效应的争议,电流、温度、位移量和应力分布的不均匀性及其影响,粉末的预处理工艺及其对性能的影响.并总结了SPS技术现存问题及发展趋势.     

高体积分数的 SiCp/Al复合材料的 SPS致密化机理研究

运用放电等离子烧结（SPS）技术制备出体积分数达60％，致密度达99％的SiCp／Al复合材料．从烧结工艺的控制及电场的影响两方面对SPS烧结SiC，／Al复合材料的机理进行了研究，认为SPS烧结SiCp／Al复合材料的致密化过程主要依靠烧结温度、压力及升温速率的合理搭配，使Al熔融粘结SiC颗粒，而又不溢出模具；烧结过程中未发现明显的放电现象，可能由于电场太弱不足以引发放电．     

放电等离子烧结制备透明AlN陶瓷

采用放电等离子烧结(spark plasma sintering,SPS)技术,添加不同含量CaF2为烧结助剂,成功制备了透明氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷.SPS技术具有烧结快速,烧结体致密度高的特点,是制备透明AlN的有效方法.CaF2的加入量的提高,有利于烧结体的致密度和透过率的提高.当CaF2加入量为3%(质量分数)时,烧结体致密度不再继续提高,但仍有利于透过率的提高,此时烧结体透过率最高为54.7%.SEM、XRD、TEM和EDX结果表明烧结体具有很高的致密度、纯度,均匀的晶粒形状和尺寸,晶界及三角晶界处观察不到第二相的存在,从而保证了烧结体良好的光学性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...