两道次成形过程中拉伸速度及热处理对2A12-O铝合金晶粒尺寸的影响

目的研究铝合金2A12材料在两道次变形过程中拉伸量、拉伸速度及热处理参数对材料晶粒尺寸的影响规律。方法进行了2A12-O铝合金板的"预拉伸-退火-再拉伸-淬火"两道次成形过程。当两次拉伸量相等,总拉伸量不大于20%时,研究了拉伸速度、退火温度、淬火保温时间与试验后晶粒尺寸的关系。结果在拉伸总量较小的情况下,拉伸速度和各热处理参数对材料最终晶粒尺寸的影响较大;当拉伸总量增大到某临界值时,拉伸速度和热处理参数的影响明显减小,各参数下的晶粒尺寸在总拉伸量相同的情况下趋于一致。结论获得了拉伸总量、拉伸速度、退火温度和淬火保温时间等成形及热处理参数对2A12-O铝合金板材晶粒尺寸的影响规律,为该材料成形及热处理过程中的晶粒尺寸控制提供了依据。     

骨料粒径对混凝土动态拉伸强度及尺寸效应影响分析

骨料粒径是影响混凝土力学性能及破坏机理的重要因素。从细观角度出发,将混凝土看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,考虑细观组分的应变率效应,建立了混凝土动态拉伸破坏行为研究的细观力学分析模型,模拟研究了不同骨料粒径下混凝土动态拉伸破坏行为,并揭示了动态拉伸强度的尺寸效应规律。研究表明:低应变率下骨料不发生破坏,骨料粒径对混凝土动态拉伸破坏模式及拉伸强度影响显著,且拉伸强度的尺寸效应随骨料粒径的减小而削弱;高应变率下裂缝将贯穿骨料,骨料粒径的大小对混凝土动态拉伸强度及尺寸效应影响可忽略。最后,结合应变率效应的影响机制,建立了混凝土拉伸强度的"静动态统一"尺寸效应理论公式,该公式可以较好描述各骨料粒径下混凝土动态拉伸强度与试件尺寸的定量关系。     

基于Sherwood–Frost模型构建聚乙烯泡沫拉伸本构

目的 研究聚乙烯泡沫的拉伸力学性能,并构建聚乙烯泡沫的拉伸本构模型。方法 利用万能材料试验机对不同密度的聚乙烯泡沫进行不同拉伸速率的单轴拉伸实验,得到聚乙烯泡沫的拉伸应力–应变曲线;在Sherwood–Frost唯象本构模型框架的基础上,构建将密度和应变耦合的密度项,以及将应变率、应变和密度耦合的应变率项的拉伸本构模型。结果 聚乙烯泡沫在断裂前的拉伸力学特性为非线性弹性,表现出明显的应变率强化效应,现有的密度项和应变率项与实验数据的拟合精度较低,最大平均误差分别可达11.76%、7.90%。新构建的密度项和应变率项与实验数据拟合精度较好,最大平均误差分别为1.17%、1.92%。结论 新构建的拉伸本构模型能够更精确地描述聚乙烯泡沫单轴拉伸的应力应变关系,为聚乙烯泡沫的综合力学性能的进一步研究提供参考。     

万能试验机高温拉伸装置的改造升级

为满足高温拉伸试验标准的控温精度和温度均匀性的要求,对现有的某万能试验机的高温拉伸装置进行了技术改造升级,增加了双移动对开式电阻加热炉,改造了高温拉伸夹具,并升级了温度控制器。结果表明:改造升级后明显提高了试验机高温拉伸试验的工作效率、控温精度和温度均匀性,使其完全能满足高温拉伸试验标准的要求。     

PAN基碳纤维微晶结构对拉伸强度的影响

碳纤维由微晶和非晶碳所构成。利用X射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼光谱(Raman)研究聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维微晶结构对拉伸强度的影响机理。结晶度、石墨化程度、微晶无序化程度、微晶尺寸都对拉伸强度有显著影响。结晶度、石墨化程度越大,微晶无序化程度越小拉伸强度越大。微晶尺寸越大拉伸强度越小。比较T300和T700,结晶度、石墨化程度的增加,微晶无序化程度的减小所导致的拉伸强度增量大于微晶尺寸增加所导致的拉伸强度减小量,从而使得T700的拉伸强度大于T300的拉伸强度,同理可知T800的拉伸强度大于T700的拉伸强度。比较M35J和M40J,结晶度、石墨化程度的增加,微晶无序化程度的减小所导致的拉伸强度增量小于微晶尺寸增加所导致的拉伸强度减小量,从而使得M40J的拉伸强度小于M35J的拉伸强度,同理可知M46J的拉伸强度小于M40J的拉伸强度。M35J,M40J和M46J内的较大的微晶对拉伸强度的影响起决定性作用。     

含孔CFRP正交层合板的双轴拉伸力学行为

采用加载臂开槽的中心开孔等厚度十字形试样,实验研究了正交对称铺层碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）层合板在双轴拉伸载荷作用下的力学行为,分析了3种双轴加载比对其拉伸强度和破坏行为的影响。研究表明:纤维被切断的铺层部分在拉伸作用下容易与其相邻铺层脱粘,导致层合板承载力下降;等双轴加载时,在孔边的被切断纤维与连续纤维间基体在横向拉伸和纵向剪切组合作用下首先开裂;非等双轴加载时,在垂直于快速拉伸方向的铺层中沿孔边应力集中处先出现基体裂纹;随着加载比的增大,快速拉伸方向的细观结构损伤随载荷的增大发展更快,刚度下降更快,破坏时主裂纹的扩展方向更趋于垂直于快速拉伸方向;强度包络线的分析表明快速拉伸方向的拉伸强度随加载比的增大呈缓慢增大的趋势。      

土木工程用CFRP筋弯折抗拉性能

针对碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)筋应用于土木工程过程中的弯折抗拉性能,开发了新型的抗拉强度测试技术对CFRP筋材真实抗拉强度进行了实测。利用模型试验对不同弯折角度下CFRP筋的弯折抗拉强度进行了测试,获得了CFRP筋应用于土木工程时对应弯折状态下的弯折抗拉强度折减系数,并拟合出该系数的经验公式。结果表明: 现有的CFRP筋材抗拉强度测试技术的测试结果明显偏低,新开发的测试技术较之提高的幅度超过9%;给出的计算公式能预测不同折角下弯折抗拉强度的折减系数,当折角达到3°时,CFRP筋弯折抗拉强度较直线状态下降了18.9%。 因此,在实际工程应用过程中,即使发生较小角度的弯折,也需考虑弯折对CFRP筋抗拉性能的折减。     

Fatigue and post-fatigue behaviour of carbon/epoxy non-crimp fabric composites

This paper focuses on the static, fatigue and post-fatigue tensile properties of a biaxial carbon/epoxy non-crimp fabric composite. In a series of quasi-static tensile tests, the stress–strain level where damage initiates was determined. This stress level was then used as the maximum stress level in tensile–tensile fatigue tests in the fibre direction. It was found that in fibre direction, this load level can be considered safe for fatigue up to very high cycle numbers. The damage evolution during the tests was monitored at certain cycle times with X-ray radiography. The post-fatigue residual static tensile properties were determined after different numbers of cycles. A series of tensile–tensile fatigue tests at various higher stress levels allowed for the fatigue life curves to be constructed in each of the four testing directions. This revealed that the damage initiation load level is well below the practical fatigue limit of the material.     

基于纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试验的单向层合板横向拉伸强度预测方法

实验研究表明,纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试件的横向拉伸强度与工程上常用的单向层合板横向拉伸强度在趋势上具有很好的相关性,但是数值上存在一定差距。本文使用两种碳纤维和两种环氧树脂制备了三种纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板,并分别测量了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度,以及环氧基体的拉伸强度。在实验基础上,应用Griffith断裂强度理论建立了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度的关系模型,通过两种复合材料实验的结果拟合了该模型中的参数。利用第三种复合材料实验进行校验,发现该模型预测的单向层合板横向拉伸强度与实测强度之间达到很好的一致性,相对偏差为9%。采用本文提出的方法,可以用较为简单的纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和环氧基体拉伸试验预测单向层合板的横向拉伸强度。     

Tensile mastercurve of ceramic matrix composites: significance and implications for modelling

The concept of a tensile mastercurve which uniquely represents the mechanical response to time-independent tensile loading is presented. It is shown how the mastercurve can be determined from individual tensile tests with unloading–reloading cycles, and how it provides a rationalisation of both the temperature dependence and the scatter in tensile behaviour. Implications for modelling of the mechanical behaviour are outlined.     

互相关函数步长影响超声波评价涂层应力的实验研究

以声弹效应理论为基础,结合力学拉伸实验,采用表面超声波法对涂层应力进行评价,并在互相关函数法的基础上计算应力引起的信号间时间延迟.结果表明:当涂层试样处于弹性变形范围内时,随着应力的增加,表面超声波在涂层中的传播速度逐渐变大,而当拉伸应力达到一定值使得涂层内部出现微裂纹时,随着应力的增加,伴随着裂纹的扩展超声波波速会出...     

Effect of weaving damage on the tensile properties of three-dimensional woven composites

This research paper examines the damage mechanisms and reductions to the tensile properties of E-glass yarns during weaving of three-dimensional (3D) fabrics for polymer-based composites. The paper also assesses the influence of weaving damage to load-bearing glass yarns on the tensile properties of 3D orthogonal woven composites. It is found that damage occurs to yarns at most stages of the 3D weaving process due to abrasion and breakage caused when sliding against the loom machinery. The abrasion damage causes a large reduction (30%) to the tensile strength of the dry woven yarns, although the tensile stiffness remains unaffected. The damage and reduction to the tensile properties of the dry yarns at different weaving stages are described. Tensile studies performed on single yarn/resin composites and larger coupons of 3D orthogonal woven composites reveal that weaving damage is responsible for a significant reduction to the tensile strength.     

Effects of fibre length on tensile strength of carbon/glass fibre hybrid composites

The tensile strength of epoxy resin reinforced with random-planar orientation of short carbon and glass fibres increased as the length of the reinforcing fibres increased, and the increase in tensile strength remained almost unchanged after the fibre length reached a certain level. The tensile strength of composites at any fibre length could be estimated by taking the strain rate and temperature dependence of both the yield shear strength at the fibre-matrix interphase and the mean critical fibre length into consideration. The tensile strength of the hybrid composite could be estimated by the additive rule of hybrid mixtures, using the tensile strength of both composites.     

高温炭化处理对三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料拉伸性能的影响

对未经炭化和经不同温度炭化处理后的三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料进行了纵向和横向拉伸实验, 获得了拉伸应力-应变曲线, 并确定了材料的拉伸强度、 拉伸模量、 破坏应变和泊松比等主要力学性能, 分析了这类材料经不同温度炭化处理后拉伸力学性能的变化规律。对试件拉伸实验后的破坏断口进行了宏观和微观分析, 探讨了材料的变形和破坏机理。实验结果表明: 随炭化处理温度的增加, 三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料的纵向、 横向拉伸强度和拉伸模量均呈先降后升的趋势, 存在一个转折温度, 超过该温度, 材料的拉伸强度和拉伸模量从下降变为上升, 但拉伸模量的变化幅度较小; 但是, 随着炭化温度的升高, 材料的破坏应变是逐渐降低的。通过形貌观察和树脂热分解机理分析, 认为在不同的炭化处理温度下, 材料的细观组织结构演变存在明显的差异, 因此造成了材料力学性能的变化。      

Reduction in tensile and flexural strength of unidirectional glass fibre-epoxy with increasing specimen size

Size effects in tensile failure were investigated by means of tensile and four-point bending tests. Tapered tensile specimens with plies dropped off internally showed a reduction in strain at failure with increasing gauge length. Scaled bending tests also showed a reduction in strain with increasing specimen size. These two effects and the relationship between the tensile and flexural results could all be fitted satisfactorily with a Weibull strength model.     

Predicting the tensile creep of concrete

Over a four year period, six phases of testing were performed to observe the influence of age at loading, applied stress level, mix composition and relative humidity on the tensile creep of concrete. From these investigations it was possible to develop a model which allowed the prediction of tensile creep based on a knowledge of the compressive strength of the concrete (determined at the age of loading), the applied stress level and the relative humidity. Subsequently, this model was validated using the results from three independent investigations. Compressive creep as well as tensile creep was also obtained. This allowed a comparison of compressive creep with tensile creep and illustrated that on the basis of equal stresses, tensile creep is on average between 2 and 3 times greater than compressive creep (the maximum ratio is in excess of 8). For this investigation, however, on the basis of stress/strength ratio the difference between tensile and compressive creep is less significant. Considering a simply supported flexural reinforced concrete element, the investigation suggests that it is unwise to consider actual compressive creep equal to actual tensile creep as is often the case in design practice.     

缝合连接三维编织复合材料拉伸性能试验研究

研究了多种缝合方向、 搭接长度和缝合密度对缝合连接三维编织复合材料拉伸性能的影响 , 并与三维整体编织复合材料的拉伸性能进行对比。结果表明: 缝合连接三维编织复合材料与三维整体编织复合材料相比 ,拉伸强度下降了 25 %～50 % , 初始模量下降了 35 %～55 %; 搭接长度对拉伸强度和模量的影响较大 , 拉伸性能随搭接长度的增加呈现先增大后减小的特征 , 当搭接长度与试件宽度的比值在 2. 5 左右时 , 试件的拉伸性能较好 ,与未缝合的三维整体编织试件相比 , 仅下降了 25 %; 相对而言 , 中密度缝合试件的拉伸性能最优 ; 缝合方向对试件拉伸性能的影响不明显。      

Investigating the static and dynamic tensile mechanical behaviour of polymer‐bonded explosives

The tensile properties of a polymer‐bonded explosive (PBX) were systematically studied by using quasi‐static and dynamic experiments. A non‐linear constitutive relation was developed to describe the tensile behaviour of the PBX. The tensile properties of the PBX under different strain rates and temperatures were measured in quasi‐static tests. The tensile behaviour of the PBX was found to exhibit high strain rate and strong temperature dependence, attributable to the large fraction of the polymer binder. To obtain the rational dynamic tensile results, a modified split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) setup was designed such that the specimens were in dynamic stress equilibrium and deformed homogeneously at nearly constant strain rates. To characterise the viscoelastic behaviour, the master modulus curve was derived from the tensile stress relaxation tests at different temperatures. The non‐linear constitutive model was implemented in ABAQUS to predict the tensile behaviour of the PBX. The computational results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Mechanical properties of weakly segregated block copolymers Part IV Influence of chain architecture and miscibility on tensile properties of block copolymers

Different types of weakly segregated block copolymers are investigated with respect to the influence of chain architecture and miscibility on tensile properties. Poly(styrene-b-butylmethacrylate) diblock copolymers (PS-b-PBMA) as well as poly(butylmethacrylate-b-polystyrene-b-butylmethacrylate) triblock copolymers (PBMA-b-PS-b-PBMA) show synergistic effects on tensile properties. The triblock copolymers show a higher tensile strength and stiffness compared to that of the diblock copolymers. In addition, the triblock copolymers exhibit a larger composition range for which the tensile strength exceeds that of the respective homopolymers. In order to investigate the influence of block miscibility on tensile properties, poly(methylmethacrylate-b-butylmethacrylate) diblock copolymers (PMMA-b-PBMA) are compared with PS-b-PBMA diblock copolymers.     

Tensile properties of elephant grass fiber reinforced polyester composites

Elephant grass stalk fibers were extracted using retting and chemical (NaOH) extraction processes. These fibers were treated with KMnO₄ solution to improve adhesion with matrix. The resulting fibers were incorporated in a polyester matrix and the tensile properties of fiber and composite were determined. The fibers extracted by retting process have a tensile strength of 185 MPa, modulus of 7.4 GPa and an effective density of 817.53 kg/m³. The tensile strength and modulus of chemically extracted elephant grass fibers have increased by 58 and 41%, respectively. After the treatment the tensile strength and modulus of the fiber extracted by retting have decreased by 19, 12% and those of chemically extracted fiber have decreased by 19 and 16%, respectively. The composites were formulated up to a maximum of 31% volume of fiber resulting in a tensile strength of 80.55 MPa and tensile modulus of 1.52 GPa for elephant grass fibers extracted by retting. The tensile strength and the modulus of chemically extracted elephant grass fiber composites have increased by approximately 1.45 times to those of elephant grass fiber composite extracted by retting. The tensile strength of treated fiber composites has decreased and the tensile modulus has shown a mixed trend for the fibers extracted by both the processes. Quantitative results from this study will be useful for further and more accurate design of elephant grass fiber reinforced composite materials.