Latrunculin B处理后青杆花粉管微丝骨架和细胞超微结构的观察

本文应用荧光探针标记技术和透射电子显微镜研究微丝抑制剂（latrunculin b,LATB）处理青秆花粉管后,对其微丝骨架和超微结构的影响。结果表明：LATB剂量依赖性地抑制青秆花粉萌发和花粉管生长;应用荧光探针FITC-鬼笔环肽标记花粉管中的微丝,发现用正常培养基培养的花粉管中,柬状的F—actin以与花粉管长轴平行的方向排列,从花粉管基部一直延伸到花粉管亚顶端,而LATB处理导致微丝的解聚。通过透射电镜观察发现。LATB处理使花粉管顶端的透明区消失,顸端区域被一些空泡、脂粒等占据,线粒体膜破裂,高尔基体片层断裂成泡状结构以至解体。上述研究结果表明：微丝抑制剂LATB通过破坏花粉管微丝的组装和超微结构影响青秆花粉萌发及花粉管生长,因此微丝在青扦花粉萌发、花粉管极性生长模式的建立和维持过程中起重要作用。     

Latrunculin B处理后青杄花粉管微丝骨架和细胞超微结构的观察

本文应用荧光探针标记技术和透射电子显微镜研究微丝抑制刺(latrunculin b,LATB)处理青杄花粉管后,对其微丝骨架和超微结构的影响.结果表明:LATB剂量依赖性地抑制青杄花粉萌发和花粉管生长;应用荧光探针FTTC-鬼笔环肽标记花粉管中的微丝,发现用正常培养基培养的花粉管中,束状的F-actin以与花粉管长轴平行的方向排列,从花粉管基部一直延伸到花粉管亚顶端,而LATB处理导致微丝的解聚.通过透射电镜观察发现,LATB处理使花粉管顶端的透明区消失,顶端区域被一些空泡、脂粒等占据,线粒体膜破裂,高尔基体片层断裂成泡状结构以至解体.上述研究结果表明:微丝抑制荆LATB通过破坏花粉管微丝的组装和超微结构影响青秆花粉萌发及花粉管生长,因此微丝在青秆花粉萌发、花粉管极性生长模式的建立和维持过程中起重要作用.     

Electron microscopic visualization of actin filaments in the early embryo of Drosophila melanogaster: the use of phalloidin and tropomyosin

Various specimen preparations for thin-section electron microscopy were tested to better preserve and visualize actin filaments in the cortex of the early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. When embryos were treated with phalloidin prior to fixation, many actin filaments were observed in their cortex comparable to the staining with fluorescently labeled phalloidin in light microscopy. Then we used various fixatives containing phalloidin. As far as we examined, actin filaments were best preserved in the specimen fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer or in 0.1 M PIPES buffer (1 mM EGTA and 1 mM MgCl2) containing 10 microM phalloidin and 0.1% saponin. When embryos were glycerinated and then treated with tropomyosin before fixation, actin filaments were well visualized as thicker, uniform-sized filaments, though the number of filaments decreased probably owing to glycerination. This suggests that, like heavy meromyosin and its subfragment-1, this protein may protect actin filaments from being disrupted by chemical fixation. Using these improved fixation procedures, we successfully examined the distribution of actin filaments in the Drosophila embryo cortex during cellularization. These methods may be applicable to stabilize labile actin filaments in other types of cells.     

Solubility of oxygen in CdS single crystals and their physicochemical properties

The specific features of oxygen dissolution in CdS using the example of single crystals grown by the gas-transport method with deviations from stoichiometry at 1100°C are considered. The effect of various types of intrinsic point defects in crystals of different composition on the form in the presence of oxygen is analyzed. It is shown that the most stable composition thermodynamically is that corresponding to nonstoichiometric “self-activated cadmium sulphide” stabilized with oxygen.     

Processing additive suppresses phase separation in the active layer of organic photovoltaics based on naphthalene diimide

The development of non-fullerene electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics is gaining interest, as they offer the promise to overcome the light harvesting and energy tunability limitations of fullerenes. However, to fully take advantage of alternative acceptors, we must identify and achieve the needed morphologies within the active layer to maximize device performance. Here we demonstrate that the microstructure in the active layer of optimized poly(3-hexylthiophene)/naphthalene diimide devices resembles that of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene mixtures. Previously, we have reported on the synthesis of 2,6-dialkylaminonaphthalene diimides and found that the best performance was obtained with N,N′-di((thiophen-2-yl)methyl)-2,6-di(N-cyclohexylamino)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide (RF1). In this article, we show that suppressing the crystallization of both the donor and acceptor through the addition of 0.2% 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) to the casting solution leads to finer morphologies in the active layer and a two-fold enhancement in the device efficiencies. Nevertheless, further increasing the DIO content of the casting solution leads to lower photocurrents and power conversion efficiencies, even though the morphology appears similar by energy-filtered TEM. We hypothesize that higher DIO content breaks up small RF1 aggregates, leading to suppression of charge separation. Continued development of novel non-fullerene acceptors must therefore take into consideration the balance between crystallization and aggregation of donors and acceptors for optimal performance.     

Some distributional properties of the continuous wavelet transformof random processes

Without finite moment conditions, some properties of random processes, such as stationarity and self-similarity, are characterized via corresponding properties of their wavelet transform. Anyone of these distributional properties of the wavelet transform characterizes the corresponding property of the increments of the random process, of order equal to the order of regularity of the analyzing wavelet. Extensions of these results to random fields are then indicated     

Ultrastructure and behavior of actin cytoskeleton during cell wall formation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Fluorescence microscopy has shown that F-actin of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe forms patch, cable and ring structures. To study the relationship between cell wall formation and the actin cytoskeleton, the process of cell wall regeneration from the protoplast was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and three-dimensional reconstruction analysis. During cell wall regeneration from the protoplast, localization of F-actin patches was similar to that of the newly synthesized cell wall materials, as shown by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In serial sectioned TEM images, filasomes were spherical, 100-300 nm in diameter and consisted of a single microvesicle (35-70 nm diameter) surrounded by fine filaments. Filasomes were adjacent to the newly formed glucan fibrils in single, cluster or rosary forms. By IEM analysis, we found that colloidal gold particles indicating actin molecules were present in the filamentous area of filasomes. Three-dimensional reconstruction images of serial sections clarified that the distribution of filasomes corresponded to the distribution of F-actin patches revealed by CLSM. Thus, a filasome is one of the F-actin patch structures appearing in the cytoplasm at the site of the initial formation of the cell wall and it may play an important role in this action.     

Managing the simultaneous execution of coupled phases in concurrentproduct development

Concurrent engineering (CE) calls for the simultaneous execution of coupled product development phases. One approach to simultaneous execution involves performing a downstream information absorbing product development phase concurrently with an information supplying upstream phase. However, such simultaneous execution of coupled phases, in the absence of careful management, can lead to substantial deterioration in the product development performance. In this paper, the author presents the managerial implications of a model-based framework to manage the risks involving the simultaneous execution of coupled development phases. He describes how the framework would apply to an automobile instrument panel development process, and discusses the changes in organizational perspective required for successful simultaneous product development     

Superposition properties of the phase noise based on the LTV model

Using the Linear Time Variant model, for electrical oscillators, it is shown that the superposition of phase noise spectra generated by individual noise sources leads to incorrect result at low offset frequencies while summation of their phase deviations and calculating the final phase noise will give more accurate result.     

Modification of the electronic properties of rubrene crystals by water and oxygen-related species

The presence of impurities in organic semiconductors is an important limitation for the performance of related devices. Here, we investigate with density-functional theory calculations the effect of water and oxygen-related species on the properties of the prototype system of rubrene, the current record-holder organic semiconductor in terms of carrier mobilities. We identify the most stable impurity structures, with species in either substitutional or interstitial configurations, and we analyze their complex role in changing the shape and profile of rubrene energy bands. In certain cases the impurities either give rise or help annihilate carrier traps, and we discuss the relevance of our findings for the optimization of rubrene-based electronic systems.     

On the crossing statistics of phase processes and random FM noise in Nakagami-q mobile fading channels

The crossing statistics of phase processes and random frequency modulation (FM) noise are studied for Nakagami-q fading channels. Closed-form expressions are first derived for the probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of random FM noise. The crossing rate of the phase process is then obtained for any crossing level of the phase. Moreover, the conditional PDF of random FM noise and envelope processes-conditioned on the crossings of an arbitrary level of the phase-are investigated. Since the Rayleigh fading channel is a special case of the Nakagami-q fading channel, the derived expressions are verified by comparison with results known for Rayleigh fading channels. In addition, it is shown that the derived analytical results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by computer simulations. The presented results are useful, for example, for studying the statistics of noise spikes occurring in limiter-discriminator FM receivers and for investigating the cycle slipping phenomenon in phase-locked-loop schemes when considering the transmission over Nakagami-q mobile fading channels.     

Correlation properties of the zero-crossing intervals of Gaussian processes (Corresp.)

An experimental study is reported of the correlation properties of the intervals between zero crossings of a Gaussian process. The validity of an assumption under which McFadden derived certain theoretical results is examined. It is found that the assumption is valid only for processes with narrow-band spectra. For broad-band spectra, the correlation coefficients of the intervals decay slowly and oscillate with increasing separation between intervals.     

Optical properties of carbon nanodots synthesized by laser induced fragmentation of graphite powder suspended in water

Luminescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been synthesized by using laser induced fragmentation of graphite powder in deionized water. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image shows that the diameters of the CNDs lie in the range of 30–100 nm. The synthesized sample has been characterized by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Photoluminescence spectroscopy. The synthesized CNDs exhibited visible, tunable and stable luminescence property. These CNDs have potential future applications such as optoelectronic devices and biosensors. The CNDs having bio-compatibility and bio-absorbability hence it may be used in fluorescence label and microscopy of living organisms.     

Modification of the electron spectrum and vibrational properties of amorphous carbon by copper doping

The near-gap electron spectrum and the effective charge distribution in graphite-like carbon nanoclusters of simple geometry in a-C: H containing a single Cu atom are calculated in the tight-binding approximation. Only the coupling between π electrons of the constituent C atoms and one valence s electron of the Cu atom is taken into account. The binding energy of the Cu atom in the clusters and the static dipole moment of the clusters are calculated. The results are invoked to interpret the experimentally observed activation of the Raman G band in the IR spectrum of a-C: H: Cu as a consequence of a lowering of the symmetry of the graphite-like clusters due to copper intercalation. Experimental data on the time dependence of the G band intensity during isothermal annealing of a-C: H: Cu are presented. The data suggest the possibility of reversible transfer of Cu atoms between the impurity states in the copper-carbon clusters and the impurity states in the purely copper clusters. The average activation energies of direct and reverse transfer are estimated from the experiment. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 32, 931–938 (August 1998)     

Electrical properties of a GaAs-W junction grown from the vapour phase

The electrical properties of a gallium-arsenide-tungsten diode, in which the gallium arsenide is deposited from the vapour phase on to single-crystal substrates of tungsten, are described. Capacitance/voltage and current/voltage characteristics are given, and the voltage barrier of the junction is calculated.     

Changes in physicochemical properties of microtubules lead to the formation of a single spherical structure of mitochondrial assembly enveloping nuclear chromatins

Treatment of 143B cells with microtubule-active drugs (MADs) including taxol, nocodazole and colchicine induced distinct structural changes, such as rounding of the cells with perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, when the cells were treated for up to 10 h. When the incubation time with MADs was longer than 10 h, multinuclear cells appeared, and their population increased with time. In this study perinuclear clustering of mitochondria i.e. mitochondria encircling the aggregated chromatin of the nucleus that had lost the nuclear membrane was detected. This observation was distinct from that reported in the literature. Mitochondria were aligned in a few lines; the occurrence of mitochondria in even a single line is an extreme case, resulting in one plane of section for electron microscopy. Three-dimensional reconstructions of confocal microscopic images of mitochondria revealed that they were assembled as a spherical structure. The majority of the cells with perinuclear clustering of mitochondria remained intact for up to 24 h. Mitochondria were observed to be clustered around the nucleus in the orthodox configuration or in some cases they were moderately condensed, as observed electron microscopically. Annexin V and PI double staining of cells showed that more than 90% of cells were viable. In the case of treatment with taxol, membrane potential of mitochondria per cell was well maintained although it was moderately lowered in the case of treatment with nocodazole. Taking into consideration the previous data reported from our laboratory, the present results may assist in elucidation of the behaviour of mitochondria during the dividing processes of mammalian cells, which is yet to be clarified.     

A treatment of the phase properties of GTEM to open-area test-sitecorrelation techniques

The gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell is a very attractive environment for the measurement of radiated emissions from electrically small equipment under test (EUTs). However, the GTEM is only accepted by the relevant measurement standards as long as the measurements in a GTEM can be used to predict the field that a particular EUT would produce on an open-area test site (OATS). Techniques for predicting equivalent OATS radiated fields from measurements in a GTEM have been developed. The techniques include the assumption that the dipole moments, which represent the radiation of an EUT, are all in phase. We analyze the case where the EUT dipole moments are not in phase and propose a new upper limit for the predicted OATS radiated field. Our new limit is up to 5 dB greater than the maximum predicted by the existing techniques, but over most of the frequency range the difference with the existing technique is about 3 dB     

像场散斑场相位差的统计性质

运用弱散射体产生的部分显现散斑场相位差自由标准偏差的近似表达式,分析了双会聚透镜组成的成像系统产生的部分显现高斯散斑场相位差的自由统计分布。     

Diagrammatical analysis of phase conjugation using four- and three-wave mixing processes in Kerr-like nonsaturated media

Double-sided Feynman diagrams, which trace the evolution of the density operator in time during a nonlinear optical interaction, are used to analyze the processes of four- and three-wave mixing which lead to the production of phase conjugate waves.     

Verification of the light phase effect at the facet on DFB laser properties

The critical importance of the relative position of the reflectors and grating in InP/InGaAsP DFB laser diodes have been directly verified. The relative position was varied by etching the cleaved facet of a DFB laser with the precisely controlled ion beam etching technique. The threshold current, oscillation wavelength, stopband width, and spectral intensity ratio of both modes which form a stopband were measured. All these characteristics changed periodically, with the period being about 2400 Å. This value corresponds to one half of the oscillation wavelength in the laser cavity. These characteristic variations resulting from the relative position change of the reflector and grating are theoretically analyzed by the eigenvalue equation which determines the propagation modes. The calculated results qualitatively agree with the experimental findings.