高温气冷堆环境模拟装置动态传热特性建模分析

清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院研制了模拟高温气冷堆温度、环境氛围的材料测试装置,可进行1 600℃及以下高温碳还原环境下的各类实验。通过对该实验装置的结构进行适当简化,建立了模拟其高温、真空条件下辐射、导热动态传热特性的二维数学模型。仿真结果与实验装置各测点的实测温度变化趋势一致,可解释实验时观察到的多种动态传热现象。此外,该模型可对材料测试区径向温度分布、不同加热功率条件下发热体最高温度等难以直接测量的重要参数进行估计,给出进一步实验的指导性建议。     

含Pu材料临界装置温度平衡实验研究

采用镍铬-康铜热电偶探测器对临界装置活性区内及外表面的温度动态过程进行监测。通过导热微分方程得出了温度平衡时Pu材料层、不锈钢层和聚乙烯反射层内温度分布,分析了活性区温度变化对系统反应性的影响。     

高温堆球床等效导热系数实验温度测量系统设计

为解决清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院研制的高温堆示范电站(HTR-PM)堆芯全尺寸球床等效导热系数测量实验装置中温度场的稳定、准确测量问题,本文设计并构建了其测温系统的软硬件系统。该装置中的温度测量涉及高温堆安全分析的全部温度范围(0~1 600℃),并处于石墨球床环境中。根据实验装置的总体构成和测点布置需求,选择了特殊工艺制作的非标准钨铼热电偶作为前端传感器,搭建了基于NI PXI平台的数据采集硬件系统,采用生产者/消费者模式和队列模式结合的方式编写了软件系统。用前期缩小比例的验证装置对材料、结构、设备等关键设计进行先期验证,结果表明,设计的温度测量系统可长期稳定、可靠满足实验的测温需求,为球床等效导热系数实验研究的开展、提升高温气冷堆经济性和安全性奠定了基础。     

含Pu材料临界装置温度平衡实验研究

采用镍铬-康铜热电偶探测器对临界装置活性区内及外表面的温度动态过程进行监测.通过导热微分方程得出了温度平衡时Pu材料层、不锈钢层和聚乙烯反射层内温度分布,分析了活性区温度变化对系统反应性的影响.     

2900℃高温热电偶检定装置及其应用

介绍了一套可以在室温～2900℃范围工作的高温热电偶检定装置的结构和运行特性,进行了检定误差分析,并且介绍了应用这套装置对钼铌、钨铼、钨钼等高温热电偶进行分度特性试验和氧化铍高温绝缘特性试验的结果。     

2900℃高温热电偶检定装置及其应用

介绍了一套可以在室温～2900℃范围工作的高温热电偶检定装置的结构和运行特性,进行了检定误差分析,并且介绍了应用这套装置对钼铌、钨铼、钨钼等高温热电偶进行分度特性试验和氧化铍高温绝缘特性试验的结果。     

V-F变换在激光物理实验中的新型应用

介绍了一套十分适合应用于准连续激光物理实验的变换装置.该套装置不但可以将热电偶激光功率计输出的直流型模拟电压量变换成计数脉冲输出,还可以对光离子引起的、探测器给出的脉冲型模拟电压量进行累计变换.经过详细的模拟测试得知它变换激光功率的积分线性≤±0.015%,变换光离子脉冲信号的积分线性≤±0.23%.以上测试结果表明该套变换装置已经满足了一般激光物理实验的精度要求.     

高温气冷堆用碳毡材料导热系数测量及反问题计算

碳纤维材料已成为核能、航天等领域不可或缺的重要功能材料,在高温气冷堆及其相关实验中需要使用大量碳纤维保温材料。但由于目前测试方法的限制,相关材料物性参数测量数据严重不足,尤其是缺乏高温1000℃以上的热物性参数,致其使用受到限制。为此,清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院研制了模拟高温气冷堆温度、环境氛围的材料测试装置,可提供1600℃以下的材料性能测试。根据该装置一次典型实验过程的测量数据,详细介绍了采用非线性导热反问题方法确定材料温度相关导热系数的完整过程和具体算法。提出了一种依据稳态、非稳态热传导原理求解反问题的简明算法,该方法既可单独使用,也可为其他反问题算法提供良好的迭代初值。实验确定了高温气冷堆用碳毡保温材料在1600℃以下的导热系数,将为高温气冷堆相关实验和其他特高温条件下的应用提供重要参考。     

高温气冷堆球流检测系统中CsI(Tl)探测器温度影响研究

为保证球床式高温气冷堆（PB-HTGR）球流检测系统投影数据获取过程中输出信号的稳定性,需对探测模块输出暗电流的稳定性进行分析。本文随机选取了2组CsI(Tl)探测器模块作为研究对象,并专门设计了温度及暗电流的控制和测量装置,分析了模块暗电流的输出特性及其控制要求。实验结果表明：各探测单元输出暗电流随温度的变化呈近似指数变化,且室温下温度波动±2 ℃时第32路单元的暗电流波动达8 pA。因此需对探测系统进行温度控制,同时分析实验数据并结合暗电流稳定性的控制要求,提出检测系统的最佳温控范围为（18~22） ℃,对应的温控精度为（±0.92~±0.21） ℃。     

O-2300℃钼-铌热电偶分度特性研究

本文介绍了铝-铌热电偶分度特性研究所使用的高温热电偶检定装置,给出了0—2300℃ 钼-铌热电偶的分度特性,并进行了分度误差分析。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.