非凝性气体对汽-气稳压器稳压的影响研究

通过分析相间的传热传质过程以及非凝性气体存在时壁面蒸汽冷凝过程,建立了汽 气稳压器模型,研究了非凝性气体对稳压过程的影响,描述了稳压器的稳压特性,并将模型计算结果与MIT稳压器实验数据进行了对比。结果表明：当不含非凝性气体时,计算精度高,相对偏差在0.8%内,压力峰值为0.647 MPa;当非凝性气体含量从0增至20%时,计算精度相对减小,最高相对偏差为15.4%;压力峰值从0.647 MPa增至1.02 MPa。研究表明非凝性气体对稳压器稳压过程具有重要影响作用,随着非凝性气体的种类和含量的变化,稳压器内稳压过程发生显著变化。     

CPR1000核电站堆芯出口冷却剂过冷度测量不确定度评定

中国百万千瓦级先进压水堆(CPR1000)核电站反应堆通过堆芯冷却监测系统(CCMS)测量堆芯出口冷却剂的过冷度。本文分析了堆芯出口冷却剂过冷度测量过程中的各种误差来源,对饱和状态下堆芯出口冷却剂温度测量的不确定度进行评定,得到不确定度区间边界随一回路压力变化的曲线,给出了用于判断堆芯冷却状态的堆芯出口冷却剂过冷度测量的误差ε曲线的确定方法,该方法已在CPR1000核电站中得到实际应用。     

自然循环反应堆NHR-200Ⅱ失水事故初步研究

破口事故是压水堆最为关注的一类重要事故,其失水量与事故后果严重程度密切相关。NHR-200Ⅱ是由清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院经过多年研究和不断改进,设计的一种全功率自然循环低温供热反应堆,其设计中采用了多种先进的非能动和固有安全设计。本研究针对NHR-200Ⅱ反应堆,选取后果最为严重的控制棒引水管断裂且无法隔离事故,利用系统热工瞬态分析程序对事故过程进行了模拟和分析。结果表明,即使在最严重的破口失水事故下,NHR-200Ⅱ主回路中剩余的冷却剂始终能覆盖反应堆堆芯,并有效通过非能动余热载出系统带走堆芯热量,从而保证反应堆堆芯不会因裸露造成烧毁,这表明NHR-200Ⅱ具有很好的安全特性。     

自然循环反应堆NHR-200Ⅱ失水事故初步研究

破口事故是压水堆最为关注的一类重要事故,其失水量与事故后果严重程度密切相关。NHR-200Ⅱ是由清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院经过多年研究和不断改进,设计的一种全功率自然循环低温供热反应堆,其设计中采用了多种先进的非能动和固有安全设计。本研究针对NHR-200Ⅱ反应堆,选取后果最为严重的控制棒引水管断裂且无法隔离事故,利用系统热工瞬态分析程序对事故过程进行了模拟和分析。结果表明,即使在最严重的破口失水事故下,NHR-200Ⅱ主回路中剩余的冷却剂始终能覆盖反应堆堆芯,并有效通过非能动余热载出系统带走堆芯热量,从而保证反应堆堆芯不会因裸露造成烧毁,这表明NHR-200Ⅱ具有很好的安全特性。     

小型核供热堆负荷跟踪瞬态和反应性事故过程稳压特性及其稳定性研究

以清华大学的摩洛哥海水淡化项目(NHR-10)为原型,建立小型一体化自然循环核供热堆分析模型,分析负荷跟踪瞬态工况、反应性引入事故下,核供热堆稳压特性和稳定性。结果表明:一体化核供热堆的堆芯出口欠热度变化小,对于保证堆瞬态过程中堆芯内不发生沸腾十分有利;上部气室容积大小对于瞬态过程中上部气室压力变化趋势有影响;初始堆芯出口欠热度的大小对瞬变过程影响很小,对最终结果影响不大;从反应性扰动分析来看,一体化核供热堆压水运行方式时具有良好的稳定性。     

一回路氮气稳压系统瞬态模拟研究

基于氮气稳压基本原理,采用集总参数法开发了氮气稳压系统瞬态模拟程序,该模型突破了现有独立稳压器模型的局限,实现了一回路系统与氮气稳压器的直接耦合,并采用浮动式核电站氮气稳压系统试验数据对程序进行了验证。在此基础上,提出了一种基于敏感性分析的氮气稳压系统设计方法,与现有设计方法相比,该设计方法可以得到氮气稳压系统的优化配置方案,同时通过适配性设计,可以确保氮气稳压系统在启动过程中,压力不超过一回路系统温度压力限制曲线。      

AP1000自动降压系统误开启事故仿真分析

针对AP1000的具体结构和运行特点,采用FORTRAN程序设计语言,开发了AP1000瞬态热工水力计算程序RETAC。利用RETAC对AP1000自动降压系统(ADS)误开启事故进行仿真分析,得到稳压器压力、堆芯归一化热功率、堆芯归一化流量、堆芯平均温度、燃料中心最高温度和最小偏离核态沸腾比（MDNBR）等主要系统参数的响应特性。分析结果表明,在稳压器低压停堆保护的作用下,燃料中心最高温度和MDNBR未超出规定限值,满足安全准则要求。并将计算结果与美国西屋公司AP1000分析软件LOFTRAN的计算结果进行对比,对比趋势符合良好,证明了RETAC建模和自动降压系统临界流模型计算的合理性。     

低温核供热堆流动特性分析(英文)

实验研究在5MW核供热反应堆模拟热工水力学实验回路HRTL-5上进行。分析计算基于带有质量,蒸汽质量,能量及动量守恒方程的一维两相流漂移模型。给出了在不同系统压力,进口过冷度及热流密度条件下的稳态和动态分析结果。研究结果表明:加热段中的过冷沸腾及上升段中的闪蒸对空泡份额分布及流动稳定性有重要影响,特别是在低压条件下;在相当宽的两相流条件下,加热段中只发生过冷沸腾;对于沸水设计工况的5MW低温堆,其堆芯出口温度尚未达到饱和。描述了两相流振荡机理,即“零阻降”机理。在进口过冷度相当宽范围内(OK<ΔT<28K),对系统流条件,存在3个区域,即稳定的两相流,整体和过冷沸腾不稳定流和过冷沸腾以及单相稳定流。给出了系统流量在小热流密度扰动下的响应特性。在此基础上给出了稳定边界图的计算和实验值。     

基于混合遗传算法的稳压器优化设计

本文建立了电加热式稳压器容积及重量计算的数学模型,编制了相应的计算机程序,在此基础上,对稳压器容积及重量受一回路运行压力和反应堆冷却剂出口温度影响的敏感性进行了分析。在选取合理的优化变量及约束条件后,利用混合遗传算法对稳压器重量进行了优化设计,计算结果显示,与原方案相比,采用优化方案后稳压器重量减小了153%,优化效果显著。     

应用ATHLET程序分析NHR-5负荷跟随特性实验

ATHLET程序是德国核设施安全评审中心GRS开发的一个重要的反应堆热工水力学分析程序。为了进一步评估ATHLET程序对5MW低温堆(NHR-5)瞬态工况的模拟能力，建立了完整的NHR-5分析模型，在此基础上进行了5MW低温供热堆负荷跟随特性实验的计算模拟。并将结果与实验参数以及其它反应堆计算程序(RETRAN-02)的计算结果进行了比较。分析表明采用该程序的燃料元件表面过冷沸腾模型对计算结果有较大的影响。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.