中国实验快堆压力和流量反应性效应测量实验研究

在中国实验快堆(CEFR)物理启动过程中,对CEFR压力反应性和流量反应性效应进行了测量研究,并进行初步的误差分析。实验中堆芯反应性测量分别使用周期法和逆动态法。实验结果表明：CEFR压力反应性为正反馈,主容器覆盖气体压力从5 kPa升高至50 kPa过程中引入约+20 pcm反应性,升、降压力过程测量结果的相对偏差小于10%;CEFR流量反应性为负反馈,一回路泵转速从150 r/min升高至989 r/min过程中引入约-49 pcm反应性,升、降流量过程测量结果的相对偏差小于10%。周期法和逆动态法的测量结果符合较好。初步误差分析的结果表明,实验结果的测量精度主要由冷却剂温度测量的精度决定。     

脉冲堆动态引发过程中初始反应性的测量

提出了脉冲堆动态引发过程中初始反应性测量的当量外推方法,由逆动态反应性测量系统、控制棒定位监测系统和裂变脉冲波形测量系统共同获得的数据而得到系统的反应性。此方法在裂变脉冲动态引发实验中成功地得到了应用,获得了初始反应性及其分布。     

一元线性回归处理逆动态法实验数据

阐述了一元线性回归处理逆动态法实验数据的原理。采用该方法除能获得反应性外还，可得到外中子有效源强。根据逆动态法实验原理和一元线性回归方法编写了计算程序，对俄罗斯动力研究院零功率装置BFS-1的实验数据进行处理，并与俄罗斯的计算结果进行了比较。计算结果表明：利用一元线性回归方法处理逆动态法实验数据可准确获得反应性和有效源强，提高了测量结果的精度，利用计算出的反应性可方便获得中心元件的效率；在反应堆功率较低、外源较强的情况下，应考虑外源对反应性测量的影响。     

反应性测量中本底与中子源修正计算方法研究

在核电厂反应堆的反应性测量中,γ本底电流、中子源引入的电流、电路噪声等干扰项在实测电流中占有显著份额,给反应性的测量计算带来很大影响,在动态刻棒等反应性测量工作中必须对其进行修正。本文分析了本底与中子源电流对反应性测量的影响,并自主开发了一种本底电流、中子源电流修正方法--双重拟合法。该方法基于点堆模型,通过对包含本底与中子源的逆动态方程的分析,计算得到准确的反应性以及本底电流、中子源电流。通过试验堆动态刻棒实验的数据对本方法进行了验证,得到了理想的结果。     

便携式反应性测量系统设计

基于逆动态法和周期法,开发了一套适用于钍基熔盐堆(TMSR)物理启动实验的便携式反应性测量系统。测量系统在保留了原电流信号测量功能的同时,加强了对脉冲信号的处理能力。对该系统进行了堆上实验验证,结果表明:系统能够正确处理脉冲及电流信号,并得到反应性。在加入预测平滑算法后,系统能够实时,并较为准确地给出反应堆的功率倍周期。     

反应堆物理试验用便携式数字反应性仪的研制

反应堆物理试验中需进行反应性测量,为了测量反应性,研制了基于逆动态法原理的可消除空间效应的便携式数字反应性仪。详细叙述了数字反应性仪的物理模型、硬件设计、软件设计、动态跟踪法和可消除空间效应的落棒法测量模式以及堆上考验试验情况。     

固定棒位法测量控制棒总价值

控制棒价值测量的准确度与效率对核电厂的安全性与经济性具有重要影响。在动态刻棒等反应性测量工作中,本底与中子源对探测器有显著影响,致使根据实测电流计算得到的反应性显著偏离真实值。基于点堆逆动态方程,通过对本底与中子源影响的分析,利用固定棒位状态下的测量数据计算反应性并得到控制棒总价值,给出了一种不受本底与中子源影响的简便的控制棒总价值测量计算方法,并在零功率实验装置上进行验证。结果表明,该方法可有效避免本底和中子源组件对反应性探测的影响,并简化了离线理论计算,其与周期法计算结果的相对偏差在1%以内。     

启明星Ⅱ号安全控制部件的实验验证

启明星Ⅱ号零功率装置（启明星Ⅱ号）所设计的安全控制部件有安全棒和调节棒,这些控制部件是反应堆安全运行的关键。本文采用逆动态反应性计测量的方法对所选定的控制部件的反应性价值进行了实验测量,并与理论计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,安全控制部件的反应性价值的实验测量结果与理论计算结果的相对偏差为4.46%,二者吻合较好。安全棒系统经力学分析评定,结果表明不会出现卡棒现象,能实现快速停闭反应堆的目的。安全棒系统、调节棒系统的机械性能经堆上反复实验验证,各系统性能稳定可靠,重复性好。     

用逆动态方法确定反应堆的反应性

本文描述了反应堆的反应性测量。利用单堆近似,在一定时间间隔内求解了反应堆逆动态方程。堆的反应性用给定时间间隔内测量的中子计数率的函数来表示。在氢化锆零功率反应堆和重水零功率反应堆上进行了实验。当反应性扰动100秒后,能测得满意的稳定反应性值,与周期法结果比较,在百分之二以内符合。     

三角波振荡反应性测量技术研究

堆振荡法是测量小反应性的方法之一。本工作以点堆动态方程为出发点,给出零功率反应堆传递函数的表达式。对三角波输入情况进行傅里叶分析后得到振荡反应性的表达式。在零功率反应堆上进行了振荡控制棒实验和振荡铀样品实验的反应性测量,本实验测量结果与周期法实验测量结果相符。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.