Effects of Ozonation on AOC Content of Humic Finnish Groundwater

The effects of ozonation on assimilable organic carbon (AOC) content of humic groundwater were investigated in batch experiments on three different groundwaters used as drinking water in Finland. All water samples had quite high concentrations of iron (range 2–10 mg/L) and manganese (range 0.1–0.2 mg/L) and therefore combined ozonation and filtration is a possible water purification method. The ozone dosage used varied from 0 to 16.6 mgO₃/L (ΔO₃/TOC?=?0–1.6). The ozone treatment increased the AOC concentration in the groundwater samples to different degrees. For example, an ozone dose of 3.9 mg/L increased the AOC concentration in different water as follows: from 49 μg/L to 55/L, from 7 μg/L to 119 μg/L and from 23 μg/L to 226 μg/L.     

Chlorination by-products in surface water treatment process

Chlorine disinfection is carried out for the purpose of sterilization of microbes existing in drinking water. Chlorination may cause the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) by the reaction of free chlorine with humic substance in the water. In particular, the DBPs including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and haloketones exist in tap water. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) suggests 80 μg/L THMs and 60 μg/L HAAs as maximum contamination levels for drinking water. This study was performed to detect the level of DBPs in drinking water and to measure disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) of raw water with four different properties. After 24 h of chlorination, the measured level of trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), haloacetic acid formation potential, and haloacetonitrile formation potential ranged from 55.0 to 102.6 μg/L, from 9.1 to 23.6 μg/L, and from 10.3 to 33.6 μg/L, respectively. DBPFP was the highest at pH 7.0 and increased with the reaction time. Among the DBPFP, THMFP was detected more frequently than the others. In the treated water, DBPs were measured with a mean value of 47.0 μg/L. Chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloronitrile all known as hazardous compounds, were measured as major parts of DBPs.     

水源水中AOC和BDOC的去除

试验研究了预氯化+常规处理工艺(混凝-沉淀-砂滤)对某水源水中AOC和BDOC的去除,结果表明:水源水中AOC和BDOC占总有机碳(以NPOC计)的比值都在9.5%左右,AOC和BDOC含量基本相同,平均质量浓度分别为316.2μg/L和329μg/L。常规工艺对AOC几乎没有去除作用,多数情况下出厂水AOC浓度在氯的氧化作用下升高,平均增加71%;出厂水AOC平均质量浓度为206.4μg/L,属于生物不稳定饮用水。BDOC的平均去除率为63.8%,偏高于一般研究结果。     

Is the Coagulation-Filtration Process with Fe(III) Efficient for As(III) Removal from Groundwaters?

The coagulation–filtration process using Fe(III) salts is the most frequently practiced technology for As(V) removal in full scale water treatment plants. The co-existing As(III) is usually oxidized to As(V) prior to removal. Nonetheless, research studies applying high As(III) initial concentrations showed significant As(III) removal capacities, however, the efficiency of the process for initial As(III) concentrations commonly encountered in drinking water, i.e., 10-100 μg/L is not sufficiently investigated. The experimental results of this study indicated that the coagulation–filtration process using Fe(III) can safely meet the drinking water regulation limit of 10 μg/L, only when the initial As(III) concentration is < 25 μg/L and the Fe(III) dose ≥ 5 mg/L, for experiments performed with NSF challenge water. The limitations for efficient As(III) removal are attributed to the fact that As(III), under circumneutral pH values is mostly present with the uncharged H₃AsO₃ form, which is not efficiently adsorbed onto iron oxy hydroxides (FeOOH), the product of Fe(III) hydrolysis. Adsorption isotherms data were best fitted to BET model, indicating multi-layer adsorption and low affinity of As(III) for Fe(III) hydroxides.     

Pilot Testing Of Trace Metals Removal With Ozone At Snowbird Ski Resort

A pilot study at the Snowbird Ski Resort in Utah evaluated feasibility of ozonation replacing chlorine and sulfur dioxide for oxidation of iron and manganese in groundwater. Ozonation also was tested for the removal of lead and cadmium, occurring at concentrations exceeding drinking water Maximum Contaminant Levels. An ozone dose of 2 mg/L, contacted with the water for 1 minute prior to filtration, was selected as optimum for iron and manganese removal from 0.4 mg/L and 40 μg/L, respectively, to below detection limits. Lead, copper, and arsenic also were removed to below detection limits. The removal of cadmium and zinc improved when ozone was contacted for 10 minutes. With metals removal through ozonation and filtration, taste and odor enhancement also were reported.     

高效液相色谱．柱后衍生法检测水中呋喃丹残留量的方法研究

使用安捷伦TC一18（2）反相色谱柱和固相萃取小柱SampliQC18,固相萃取一柱后衍生．高效液相色谱的方法测定水中呋喃丹含量。结果表明该方法快速、灵敏度高、精密度好,能满足生活饮用水中呋喃丹痕量的检测要求,饮用水和纯水中高低两种浓度呋喃丹的加标回收率都在80％-110％之间,相对标准偏差为6．8％～13．5％,呋喃丹的检出限为0．033μg/L,低于国标0．125μg/L的检出限。直接进样400μL的试验结果表明,饮用水和纯水中10μg/L呋喃丹的加标回收率分别为84．8％和92．5％,相对标准偏差分别为22．3％和16．2％,呋喃丹的检出限为0．47μg/L,高于国标0．125斗班的检出限,但非常适合突发水质污染时的应急检测。     

Effect of Ozonation on Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Formation and Speciation in a Full-Scale Distribution System

Disinfection by-product (DBP) formation was evaluated before and after ozone implementation at two full-scale drinking water facilities in Las Vegas, NV USA. The two treatment plants used preozonation for primary disinfection followed by direct filtration with subsequent chlorination for secondary disinfection. DBP data was evaluated from the finished water of the two treatment plants along with six locations in the distribution system. Results showed that preozonation reduced the formation of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) by up to 10 μg/L and the sum of five haloacetic acids (HAA5) by up to 5 g/L. These reductions were primarily due to decreases in the di- and trichlorinated DBPs such as chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and trichloroacetic acid. Ozonation appeared to shift the speciation of TTHMs and HAA5 to favor increased formation of the di- and tribrominated species such as bromoform, chlorodibromomethane, and dibromoacteic acid. A bromide mass balance showed that <30% of the raw water bromide was accounted for by the formation of TTHMs (8–21%), HAAs (2–3%) and bromate (5%). Reducing the concentration of THMs and HAAs is often not the primary purpose of ozonation, but it can assist utilities in meeting regulatory requirements during drinking water treatment.     

Application of Combined Ozone–Hydrogen Peroxide for the Removal of Aromatic Compounds from a Groundwater

Nitro and chlorobenzene compounds, which are widely used in dye industries, have been associated recently with groundwater contamination. Because of their potential toxicity and for taste and odor considerations, three main actions were undertaken to solve the problem. First, to follow the advance of pollution toward the wells, samples were collected automatically and analyzed using GC-MS. Results indicate that o-chloronitrobenzene was the main pollutant in concentrations ranging from 10 to 2000μg/L. Second, to monitor the drinking water quality, an on-line spectrophotometer was used to measure the optical density at 254 nm at the inlet and outlet of the plant. Third, the feasibility of using the O₃/H₂O₉ combination was determined at a 450 L/h pilot plant. Reduction of concentrations of chloronitrobenzenes from 1900 μ/L to less than 20 μg/L could be reached by the application of 8 mg O3/L and 3 mg H2O9/L with a 20-minute contact time. To avoid an eventual bacterial egrowfn in the network due to biodegradability of the oxidation by-products, sand and GAC filtration were tested after oxidation. An evaluation of the costs of these different treatments is also presented.     

Effectiveness of AOC removal by advanced water treatment systems: a case study

Recently, the appearance of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in the water treatment system and effluent of the treatment plant has brought more attention to the environmental engineers. In this study, AOC removal efficiency at the Cheng-Ching Lake water treatment plant (CCLWTP) was evaluated. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the treatability of AOC by the advanced treatment system at the CCLWTP, (2) assess the relativity of AOC and the variations of other water quality indicators, (3) evaluate the effects of sodium thiosulfate on AOC analysis, and (4) evaluate the efficiency of biofiltration process using granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite as the fillers. Results show that the averaged influent and final effluent AOC concentrations at the CCLWTP were approximately 124 and 30 μg acetate-C/L, respectively. Thus, the treatment plant had an AOC removal efficiency of about 76%, and the AOC concentrations in the final effluent met the criteria established by the CCLWTP (50 μg acetate-C/L). Results indicate that the biofiltration process might contribute to the removal of the trace AOC in the GAC filtration process. Moreover, the removal of AOC had a correlation with the decrease in concentrations of other drinking water indicators. Results from a column test show that GAC was a more appropriate material than anthracite for the AOC removal. Results from this study provide us insight into the mechanisms of AOC removal by advanced water treatment processes. These findings would be helpful in designing a modified water treatment system for AOC removal and water quality improvement.     

顶空-气相色谱法测定水中苦味酸

建立了顶空-气相色谱法测定水中苦味酸的基本方法,运用苦味酸与次氯酸钠的衍生化反应,经顶空进样器直接进样,保留时间定性,外标法定量,得到了较好的分离效果,以及较高的灵敏度、精密度和回收率。该方法在0~50μg/L范围内线性良好(R=0.999 2),检出限为0.18μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.76%~4.29%,加标回收率为91.22%~108.95%,适合生活饮用水及其水源地水和废水中苦味酸的测定。     

磷对饮用水中细菌再生长影响的研究

根据不同成分的水样中细菌再生长情况,研究了水中磷对生物稳定性的限制因子作用。结果显示,在测试水样中添加1 mg/L的NaAc后,细菌总数增加了100%-187%;在水样中添加15μg/L的NaH2PO4后,细菌总数增加了180%-203%。随水样中PO43-P含量的增加,细菌数目也在逐渐增加,但当水中PO43-P的含量大于等于5μg/L时,细菌已无明显增长趋势。试验结果表明磷和碳一样也是水中微生物生长的限制因素之一,并且对于该水样当PO43-P的含量为2μg/L—5μg/L之间的某个值时,磷的限制作用将会表现出来。     

Effect of operating conditions in removal of arsenic from water by nanofiltration membrane

The removal of arsenic from synthetic waters and surface water by nanofiltration (NF) membrane was investigated. In synthetic solutions, arsenic rejection experiments included variation of arsenic retentate concentration, transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. Arsenic rejection increased with arsenic retentate concentration. Arsenic was removed 93-99% from synthetic feed waters containing between 100 and 382 μg/L as V, resulting in permeate arsenic concentrations of about 5 μg/L. Under studied conditions, arsenic rejection was independent of transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. In surface water, the mean rejection of As V was 95% while the rejection of sulfate was 97%. The co-occurrence of dissolved inorganics does not significantly influence arsenic rejection. The mean concentration of As in collected permeated was 8 μg/L. The mean rejection of TDS, total hardness and conductivity were 75, 88 and 75% respectively.     

Ozonation at Belle Glade,Florida : A Case History

In October 1984, the city of Belle Glade, FL installed a two-stage ozonation process for the treatment of lake water high in organics (av TOC 30 mg/L; up to 75 mg/L), high in color (av 100 color units; up to 500), and high in THM concentrations, at times nearly 1,000 μ/L. The new treatment process applied 3 mg/L of ozone to the raw water ahead of the flash mix basin, lime softening, alum and polymer coagulation, clarification, recarbonation, and addition of 3 mg/L ozone prior to filtration. Post-chlorination then produced distribution system THM concentrations averaging 124 μg/L. Distribution of THMs shifted from 85% chloroform by the original process to 40% after adoption of ozonation, the balance comprising brominated species (but not bromoform).

In 1987, the treatment process was modified by adding chlorine and ammonia at the outlets of the pre- and intermediate-stages of ozonation and abandoning free chlorination. This has further reduced the distribution system THM levels to 20-30 μg/L. Filtered water turbidity and color have been improved. The use of chloramines after ozonation controls the nuisance aquatic growths in the clarifiers and recarbonation basins (caused by ozonation alone), and produces a combined chlorine residual which can be maintained throughout the distribution system. Periodic use of free chlorine in the distribution system is required to prevent elevated heterotrophic plate counts and the formation of excessive concentrations of nitrite ion due to biological regrowth and nitrification.     

Quality of groundwater in eastern Croatia. The problem of arsenic pollution

Groundwater in the area of eastern Croatia contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, ammonia, organic substances and arsenic. The appearance of inorganic arsenic in groundwater is mainly caused by arsenic from natural geological sources. Since the groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the population in this area, almost 200,000 people are daily drinking water with arsenic concentration ranging from 10 to 610 μg/L. The Croatian legislation recently revised the maximum concentration limit (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water to 10 μg/L. The population in the two towns (Osijek and Vinkovci) of this region is supplied with groundwater processed by coagulation-filtration method, but in the other towns and villages water treatment implies only rapid sand filtration. Both methods for water treatment have resulted with higher arsenic concentration than MCL, so the main goal of this study was determination of population exposure to arsenic via drinking water and possible improvement of drinking water quality. Population exposure to arsenic via drinking water is determined with hair analysis, since the hair arsenic concentration is one of three most commonly employed biomarkers used to identify or quantify overall arsenic exposure. During this study the preliminary analyses of hair arsenic concentrations in several towns and villages in eastern Croatia were provided. The positive correlation between heightened arsenic concentration in drinking water and hair arsenic concentration was determined. In order to improve drinking water quality e.g. arsenic removal from contaminated drinking water, different modified adsorbents were used and compared (zeolite–clinoptilolite, manganese greensand and cationic exchange resin). Adsorbents were chemically modified and saturated with Fe(III) ions, while the arsenic solutions were prepared by processed groundwater.     

直接进样高效液相色谱-柱后衍生法测水中的甲萘威、呋喃丹

采用直接进样高效液相色谱-柱后衍生法对水中甲萘威、呋喃丹进行检测,通过试验研究,该法对水中甲萘威、呋喃丹的最低检测限分别为0.35、0.32μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)分别为1.94%、2.76%,加标回收率分别为94.61%～102.16%、94.92%～100.19%。该方法操作简便、快速,适合于地表水及饮用水中甲萘威、呋喃丹的检测。     

饮用水中草甘膦的离子色谱法测定

目的：建立一次进样同时测定饮用水中溴酸盐、草甘膦的离子色谱测定法。方法：选用DIONEX ICS-2000型离子色谱仪,用离子色谱法测定饮用水氟离子、溴酸盐、氯离子、溴离子、硝酸盐氮、硫酸盐、磷酸盐和草甘膦等离子,分离效果理想、灵敏度较高。进样量100μL。结果溴酸盐、溴离子、磷酸盐、草甘膦的检出限分别为：4.0μg/L、4.0μg/L、5.2μg/L、4.4μg/L;标准偏差〈5%;样品加标回收率在88.0%~104.0%之间。结论：该方法操作简单,分析快速,灵敏度高,重现性好,能够准确检测水中草甘膦含量。     

吹扫捕集-GC-MS测定水中痕量氯乙酸的研究

固相萃取．吹扫捕集．气质联用法对一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸进行分析,水样体积为200mL时,此方法检出限分别为：0.004mg/L、0．0008mg/L、0．002mg/L,加标回收率为94％~107％。5次平行测定的相对标准偏差为3．78％-5．96％。取1000mL广州市自来水测定其中氯乙酸含量的结果是：一氯乙酸5．37μg／L、二氯乙酸10．84μg/L、三氯乙酸8．74μg／L。     

饮用水中钙和镁的分光光度分析

采用双波长K系数分光光度法同时测定饮用水中的钙和镁.利用L9(34)正交设计考察了以甲基百里香酚蓝(MTB)作为显色剂,与水中的钙和镁显色,用双波长K系数分光光度法同时测定饮用水中钙和镁的最佳实验条件.服从比尔定律的线性范围分别为镁0.2431～2.431 μg/mL,钙0.6012～3.407μg/mL;试样加标回收率分别为镁97.23％～102.7％和钙97.38％～101.5％;检出限分别为镁0.039 μg/mL和钙0.066 μg/mL.本法操作简单,显色稳定,结果可靠,令人满意.     

柱前衍生-气相色谱法同时测定饮用水中2，4-滴和灭草松

采用柱前衍生-气相色谱法-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）对饮用水中2,4-滴和灭草松进行检测。10 mL水样,经乙酸乙酯萃取后挥干溶剂,在二氯甲烷溶液中与碘甲烷、四丁基硫酸氢胺-氢氧化钠水溶液反应衍生,最后利用带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪进行检测。外标法定量,2,4-滴和灭草松在3.0-100.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.994和0.997。方法检出限（MDL）分别为：1.6μg/L和1.3μg/L。对2个添加水平进行回收实验,回收率分别为96.0%-126.6%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=5）在4.9%-13.5%之间。本方法具有回收率高的优点,适用于饮用水中2,4-滴和灭草松的检测需要。     

液质法测定塑料包装饮用水和饮用水塑料接触制品中双酚A、双酚F和双酚S的迁移量

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法同时测定塑料包装饮用水和饮用水塑料接触制品中双酚A(BPA)、双酚F(BPF)和双酚S(BPS)的特定迁移量。优化比较了色谱柱类型和滤膜材质分别对色谱峰形和回收率的影响。包装饮用水样品和饮用水塑料接触制品浸泡液样品,过亲水性聚四氟乙烯针头滤膜后直接进样,以甲醇和水为流动相在苯基柱上梯度洗脱,BPA、BPF和BPS在9.5 min内达到基线分离,串联质谱在ESI-和MRM模式下进行检测。BPA、BPF和BPS在25~100μg/L范围,相关系数r≥0.999 0,定量限范围为0.07~0.52μg/kg,15、30和60μg/kg的3水平加标回收率范围为88.3%~108%,RSD为0.32%~2.62%。该方法色谱分离效果好,快速、简便、重复性好、准确度高,定量限满足现行标准法规的限量要求,并已用于包装饮用水和饮用水塑料接触制品中BPA、BPF和BPF的检测。